Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

the mother of six

Толкование Перевод

1 многодетная мать

mother of large family

моя покойная мать — my poor old mother

мать шестерых детей — the mother of six

он обманул мать — he lied to his mother

отец с матерью; родители — father and mother

незамужняя мать, мать-одиночка — unwed mother

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > многодетная мать
2 временная мать

surrogate mother

мать шестерых детей — the mother of six

он обманул мать — he lied to his mother

многодетная мать — mother of large family

отец с матерью; родители — father and mother

незамужняя мать, мать-одиночка — unwed mother

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > временная мать
3 одинокая мать

unwed mother

мать шестерых детей — the mother of six

он обманул мать — he lied to his mother

многодетная мать — mother of large family

отец с матерью; родители — father and mother

незамужняя мать, мать-одиночка — unwed mother

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > одинокая мать
4 пособие многодетным и одиноким матерям

large families and to single mothers

мать шестерых детей — the mother of six

он обманул мать — he lied to his mother

многодетная мать — mother of large family

отец с матерью; родители — father and mother

незамужняя мать, мать-одиночка — unwed mother

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > пособие многодетным и одиноким матерям
5 мать шестерых детей

General subject: the mother of six

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > мать шестерых детей
6 madre

f.

1 mother.

es madre de tres niños she's a mother of three

Alicia va a ser madre Alicia's going to have a baby

madre adoptiva foster mother

madre de alquiler surrogate mother

madre biológica natural mother

la madre patria the motherland

madre política mother-in-law

madre soltera single mother

madre superiora (religion) mother superior

2 bed.

salirse de madre to burst its banks; (río) to go too far (figurative) (persona)

* * *

madre

► nombre femenino

1 mother

■ es madre de seis hijos she's a mother of six

■ pronto será madre she'll soon be a mother

■ ha sido como una madre para mí she's been like a mother to me

2 (causa) root

■ la madre de todos los vicios the root of all evil

3 (monja) sister

4 (del río) bed

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ahí está la madre del cordero familiar that's where the trouble lies

ciento y la madre familiar the world and his wife, US everyone and his brother

de puta madre tabú brilliant, fucking brilliant

¡la madre que te parió! tabú (hombre) you bastard! 2 (mujer) you bitch!

¡madre mía! familiar good heavens!

salirse de madre familiar (río) to burst its banks 2 (persona) to lose control

¡tu madre! tabú up yours!

futura madre mother-to-be

madre adoptiva adoptive mother

madre alquilada / madre de alquiler surrogate mother

madre de familia mother

madre de leche wet nurse

madre patria one's motherland

madre política mother-in-law

madre soltera single mother

madre superiora mother superior

* * *

noun f.

mother

* * *

1. SF

1) (=pariente) mother

ser madre — to be a mother

futura madre — mother-to-be

su señora madre — esp Méx your mother

sin madre — motherless

¡madre mía! — good heavens!

madre adoptiva — adoptive mother

madre biológica — biological mother

madre de alquiler — surrogate mother

madre de Dios — Mother of God

¡madre de Dios! — good heavens!

madre de familia — mother

madre genética — biological mother

madre nodriza — surrogate mother

la Madre Patria — the Mother Country, the Old Country

madre política — mother-in-law

madre soltera — single mother, unmarried mother

madre trabajadora — working mother

2) (Rel) [en convento] mother; [en asilo] matron

madre superiora — Mother Superior

3)

- como su madre lo echó al mundo o lo parió

- ni madre

- ciento y la madre

- ahí está la madre del cordero

- darle a algn en la madre

- mentarle la madre a algn

- ¡me cago en la madre que te parió!

no tener madre —

él no tiene madre — * he's a real swine *

esto no tiene madre — * this is the limit

- a toda madre

- ¡tu madre!
puto
4) (=origen) origin, cradle

5) [de río] bed

salirse de madre — [río] to burst its banks; [persona] to lose all self-control; [proceso] to go beyond its normal limits

- sacar de madre a algn

6) [de vino] dregs pl, sediment

7) (Agr) (=acequia) main channel, main irrigation ditch; (=alcantarilla) main sewer

8) [en juegos] home

9) (Anat) womb

10) And dead skin, scab

11) ** queer **, fag (EEUU) **

2. ADJ

1) (=de origen)

acequia madre — main channel

alcantarilla madre — main sewer

buque madre — mother ship

lengua madre — (Ling) parent language

2)

color madre — dominant colour

la cuestión madre — the chief problem, the central problem

3) LAm
*
una regañada madre — a real telling-off *, one hell of a telling-off **

* * *
I
adjetivo invariable (Chi fam) great (colloq)
II
femenino

1)

a) ( pariente) mother

ser madre — to be a mother

ahí está la madre del cordero — that's the root of the problem

estar hasta la madre de algo — (Méx fam) to be fed up to the back teeth of something

madre de todos los vicios — mother of all vices

mentarle la madre a alguien — to insult somebody (by referring to his/her mother)

no tener madre — (Méx fam) to be shameless

ser un/una madre para algo — (Chi fam) to be brilliant at something

b) ( en exclamaciones)

madre mía! or mi madre! — (my) goodness!, (good) heavens!

la madre que te parió! — (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) you jerk! (colloq), you bastard! (sl)

tu madre! — (vulg) screw you! (vulg), up yours! (BrE sl)

chinga (a) tu madre! — (Méx vulg) screw o fuck you! (vulg)

me vale madres — (Méx vulg) I don't give a damn (colloq) o (vulg) shit

c) (Relig) mother

la madre Soledad — Mother Soledad

- madre alquilada or de alquiler

- madre de familia

- Madre Patria

- madre política

- madre soltera

- madre superiora

2)

a) ( cauce)

el río se salió de madre — the river burst its banks

todo se salió de madre — everything got out of hand

b) (Esp) ( sedimento) lees (pl), sediment

* * *

= mother, mama.

Ex. Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

Ex. My mama says that alligators are ornery because they got all them teeth and no toothbrush.

----

* amor de madre = mother love.

* Asociación de Madres y Padres de Alumnos (AMPA) = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).

* célula madre = stem cell.

* célula madre adulta = adult stem cell.

* célula madre embrionaria = embryonic stem cell.

* célula madre hematopoyética = haematopoietic stem cell.

* de puta madre = fantastic, wicked, swell, the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, badass.

* día de la madre, el = Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday.

* madre adoptiva = foster mother, adoptive mother.

* madre biológica = biological mother.

* madre de alquiler = surrogate mother.

* madre de nacimiento = birth mother.

* madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.

* ¡Madre mía! = Good heavens!.

* madre natural = birth mother.

* madre naturaleza, la = Mother Nature.

* madre o padre adoptivo = foster parent.

* madre o padre biológico = biological parent.

* madre o padre de nacimiento = birth parent.

* madre o padre natural = birth parent.

* madre or padre adoptivo = adoptive parent.

* madre patria = motherland.

* madre primeriza = new mother.

* madre que se dedica a sus hijos = practising mother.

* madres de alquiler = surrogacy.

* madre soltera = unmarried mother, single mom, single mother.

* madre superiora = abbess, Mother Superior.

* madre tierra, la = mother earth.

* madre trabajadora = working mother.

* placa madre = motherboard.

* planta madre = rootstock.

* roca madre = bedrock.

* * *
I
adjetivo invariable (Chi fam) great (colloq)
II
femenino

1)

a) ( pariente) mother

ser madre — to be a mother

ahí está la madre del cordero — that's the root of the problem

estar hasta la madre de algo — (Méx fam) to be fed up to the back teeth of something

madre de todos los vicios — mother of all vices

mentarle la madre a alguien — to insult somebody (by referring to his/her mother)

no tener madre — (Méx fam) to be shameless

ser un/una madre para algo — (Chi fam) to be brilliant at something

b) ( en exclamaciones)

madre mía! or mi madre! — (my) goodness!, (good) heavens!

la madre que te parió! — (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) you jerk! (colloq), you bastard! (sl)

tu madre! — (vulg) screw you! (vulg), up yours! (BrE sl)

chinga (a) tu madre! — (Méx vulg) screw o fuck you! (vulg)

me vale madres — (Méx vulg) I don't give a damn (colloq) o (vulg) shit

c) (Relig) mother

la madre Soledad — Mother Soledad

- madre alquilada or de alquiler

- madre de familia

- Madre Patria

- madre política

- madre soltera

- madre superiora

2)

a) ( cauce)

el río se salió de madre — the river burst its banks

todo se salió de madre — everything got out of hand

b) (Esp) ( sedimento) lees (pl), sediment

* * *

= mother, mama.

Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

Ex: My mama says that alligators are ornery because they got all them teeth and no toothbrush.

* amor de madre = mother love.

* Asociación de Madres y Padres de Alumnos (AMPA) = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).

* célula madre = stem cell.

* célula madre adulta = adult stem cell.

* célula madre embrionaria = embryonic stem cell.

* célula madre hematopoyética = haematopoietic stem cell.

* de puta madre = fantastic, wicked, swell, the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, badass.

* día de la madre, el = Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday.

* madre adoptiva = foster mother, adoptive mother.

* madre biológica = biological mother.

* madre de alquiler = surrogate mother.

* madre de nacimiento = birth mother.

* madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.

* ¡Madre mía! = Good heavens!.

* madre natural = birth mother.

* madre naturaleza, la = Mother Nature.

* madre o padre adoptivo = foster parent.

* madre o padre biológico = biological parent.

* madre o padre de nacimiento = birth parent.

* madre o padre natural = birth parent.

* madre or padre adoptivo = adoptive parent.

* madre patria = motherland.

* madre primeriza = new mother.

* madre que se dedica a sus hijos = practising mother.

* madres de alquiler = surrogacy.

* madre soltera = unmarried mother, single mom, single mother.

* madre superiora = abbess, Mother Superior.

* madre tierra, la = mother earth.

* madre trabajadora = working mother.

* placa madre = motherboard.

* planta madre = rootstock.

* roca madre = bedrock.

* * *

madre¹

adj inv

( Chi fam) great ( colloq), terrific ( colloq)

madre²

feminine

A

1 (pariente) mother

madre de todos los vicios mother of all vices

ahí está or ésa es la madre del cordero that's the root of the problem, that's the crux of the matter

estar hasta la madre de algo ( Méx fam); to be fed up to the back teeth of sth

mentarle or ( Chi) sacarle la madre a algn to insult sb (by referring to his/her mother)

no tener madre ( Méx fam): ése no tiene madre he's shameless! ( colloq)

ser un/una madre para algo ( Chi fam); to be brilliant at sth, be a wizard o whiz at sth ( colloq)

2

(en exclamaciones): ¡madre mía! or ¡mi madre! (my) goodness!, good heavens!, heavens!

¡madre mía! ¡qué tarde se ha hecho! goodness! look how late it is!

¡la madre que te parió! or te trajo al mundo! (fam: en algunas regiones vulg); you jerk! ( colloq), you bastard! (sl)

¡tu madre! ( vulg); screw you! ( vulg), up yours! ( BrE sl)

¡chinga (a) tu madre! ( Méx vulg); fuck off! ( vulg), screw o fuck you! ( vulg)

me vale madres ( Méx vulg); I don't give a damn ( colloq), I don't give a shit o fuck ( vulg)

ver tb puto¹ (↑ puto (1))

3 ( Relig) mother

la madre Soledad Mother Soledad

Compuestos:

● madre alquilada

surrogate mother

● madre biológica

biological mother

● madre de alquiler

surrogate mother

● madre de familia

mother

● madre de mil

( Méx) spider plant

● Madre Patria

( AmL): la Madre Patria Spain

● madre política

mother-in-law

● madre soltera

single o unmarried mother

● madre superiora

Mother Superior

● madre suplente

surrogate mother

B

1

(cauce): el río se salió de madre the river burst its banks

todo se salió de madre everything got out of hand

2 ( Esp) (sedimento) lees (pl), sediment

* * *

madre sustantivo femenino
mother;
◊ ser madre to be a mother;

madre de familia mother;
madre política mother-in-law;
madre soltera single o unmarried mother;
madre superiora Mother Superior;
¡madre mía! or ¡mi madre! (my) goodness!, (good) heavens!;
me vale madres (Méx vulg) I don't give a damn (colloq) o (vulg) shit;
salirse de madre [ río] to burst its banks;

[ situación] to get out of hand
madre
I sustantivo femenino
1 mother: fue madre a los veinte años, she was a mother at twenty
madre adoptiva, adoptive mother
madre soltera, unmarried mother
2 (origen) root, mother: la pereza es la madre de la pobreza, laziness is the origin of poverty
4 (de río) bed
II exclamación ¡madre mía, qué tarde es!, good heavens, it's really late!
♦ Locuciones: familiar la madre del cordero, the crux of the matter
salirse de madre: Pepe se salió de madre, Pepe went too far
el concierto se salió de madre, the concert turned wild
' madre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abandonada
- abandonado
- abismo
- ablandar
- abrazarse
- adoptiva
- adoptivo
- algo
- ánimo
- ascendiente
- calor
- ciento
- con
- cumplir
- desmejorada
- desmejorado
- desnaturalizar
- día
- disgustar
- ejemplo
- encargar
- entenderse
- envidiar
- estar
- estancada
- estancado
- franquicia
- hablar
- la
- malmeter
- marioneta
- martirizar
- mayor
- mentar
- negación
- origen
- padre
- preguntar
- profesar
- progenitor
- progenitora
- recado
- recordar
- reverenda
- reverendo
- solera
- soltera
- soltero
- tal
- tirar
English:
adjust
- after
- aloud
- apron
- assign
- belong
- best
- boy
- consent
- disappoint
- down-home
- exact
- fetch
- frown
- hip
- hit out
- infrequent
- its
- like
- likeness
- look
- miss
- mother
- mother-to-be
- overhear
- parent
- pretence
- pretense
- pride
- prone
- single parent
- surrogate mother
- talk
- uncle
- working mother
- doting
- fucking
- her
- his
- introduce
- my
- name
- our
- parenthood
- queen
- remember
- single
- surrogate
- their
- wish

* * *

madre nf

1. [mujer] mother;

es madre de tres niños she's a mother of three;

Alicia va a ser madre Alicia's going to have a baby;
Fam
¡madre mía!, ¡mi madre! Jesus!, Christ!;
Fam
¡madre mía, cómo llueve! Jesus o Christ, it's pouring down!;
Fam
¡mi madre! ¿y ahora qué vamos a hacer? oh my God, what are we going to do now?

Comp
madre adoptiva foster mother;
madre de alquiler surrogate mother;

madre biológica natural mother;

la madre naturaleza Mother Nature;

la madre patria the motherland;
Am [España] Spain;
madre política mother-in-law;

madre soltera single mother;

la madre tierra earth mother

2. [hembra] mother;

la madre cuida de los cachorros the mother looks after the pups

3. [religiosa] mother;

la madre Teresa Mother Teresa

Comp
madre superiora mother superior
4. [origen] source;

la pobreza extrema es la madre de todos los males de la región extreme poverty is the source of all the region's problems

5. [cauce] bed;

salirse de madre [río] to burst its banks;
[persona] to go too far
6. Comp
Fam
eran ciento y la madre everybody and his dog o the world and his wife was there;
Fam
ser la madre del cordero to be at the very root of the problem;
Méx Fam
dar a alguien en la madre to kick sb's head in;
Méx Fam
de a madre: estoy aburrido de a madre I'm fed up to the back teeth;

su casa está sucia de a madre her house is a tip o pigsty;

me cae de a madre I hate his guts;
Méx Fam
echar madres to swear, Br to eff and blind;
Méx muy Fam
¡en la madre! Br bloody hell!, US goddamn!;
Méx Fam
estar hasta la madre [lleno] to be jam-packed;
Méx Fam
ir hecho madre to bomb along;
Fam
nombrar o [m5] mentar la madre a alguien = to insult someone by referring to their mother;
Méx Fam
ni madre: no oye ni madre she can't hear a damn thing;
Méx Fam
¡ni madres! no way!;
Am muy Fam
no tener madre to be a shameless bastard;
muy Fam
¡la madre que te parió! you bastard!;
Esp Fam
¡viva la madre que te parió! [en concierto, corrida de toros] we love you!;
Méx Fam
estar de poca madre to be great o fantastic;
Méx Fam
ser de poca madre to be great o fantastic;
Méx Fam
tener poca madre to be a swine;
Méx Fam
ser a toda madre to be a really great o nice person;
Fam
ser una madre para alguien to be like a mother to sb;
Fam
ser una madre haciendo algo Chile [bueno] to be a whizz at sth;
RP [malo] to be useless at sth; Méx muy Fam
me vale madre I couldn't give a damn o Br a toss

* * *

madre

I f mother;

dar en la madre a alguien Méx fam hit s.o. where it hurts;

sacar a alguien de madre fam insult s.o. (by saying rude things about his/ her mother);

salirse de madre de un río burst its banks; fig fam get out of hand;

esa es la madre del cordero that’s the trouble, that’s the problem;

de puta madre vulg fucking fantastic vulg ;

¡madre mía! good heavens!;

¡me vale madre! Méx vulg I don’t give a fuck! vulg

II adj Méx, C.Am. fam

great fam, fantastic fam

* * *

madre nf

1) : mother

2)

madre política : mother-in-law

3)

la Madre Patria : the mother country (said of Spain)

* * *

madre n mother

es madre de tres hijos she's the mother of three children

Los niños normalmente dicen mum o mummy al dirigirse a su madre

¡madre mía! good heavens!

madre soltera single mother

Spanish-English dictionary > madre
7 Not

f; -, Nöte

1. nur Sg.; (Mangel, Armut) want, need, poverty; (Notlage) plight; (Elend) auch misery; wirtschaftliche Not economic plight; Not leiden suffer want ( oder privation); die Not leidende Bevölkerung the needy people; in der Stunde der Not at the hour of need; für Zeiten der Not for a rainy day; in Not geraten / sein encounter hard times / be suffering want; keine Not kennen be well-off; Not macht erfinderisch necessity is the mother of invention; in der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen umg. any port in a storm, beggars can’t be choosers; Not kennt kein Gebot Sprichw. necessity knows no law; Not lehrt beten Sprichw. need teaches you how to pray

2. (Schwierigkeit) difficulty, trouble; (Bedrängnis) distress; (Gefahr) danger; Nöte difficulties, problems; in tausend Nöten sein be in real trouble ( oder a real mess); in Not sein be in trouble; in Not geraten run into difficulties; in höchster Not in dire straits; Rettung in oder aus höchster Not rescue from extreme difficulties; in meiner etc. Not in my etc. predicament

3. nur Sg. (Mühe): seine liebe Not haben have a hard time (of it); mit jemandem / etw. seine liebe Not haben have a hard time with s.o. / s.th; ich hatte meine liebe Not, wieder ans Ufer zu schwimmen I had great difficulty in swimming back to the bank; ohne Not without any problem

4. nur Sg.; (Notwendigkeit) necessity; damit hat es keine Not it’s not urgent; ohne Not solltest du das nicht tun you shouldn’t do that unless it’s really necessary; zur Not if necessary, if need be; (gerade noch) at (Am. in) a pinch; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst; wenn Not am Mann ist if need be; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst; hier ist oder tut Hilfe Not geh. I etc. need help here; es täte dir Not zu (+ Inf.) Dial. you would do well to (+ Inf.), what you really need is to (+ Inf.) aus der Not eine Tugend machen make a virtue of necessity; der Not gehorchend geh. bowing to necessity; siehe auch Mühe, knapp I

* * *

die Not

(Bedrängnis) hardship; distress;

(Mangel) privation; need; want

* * *
[noːt]
f -, -e
['nøːtə]
1) no pl (= Mangel, Elend) need(iness), want, poverty

hier herrscht große Nót — there is great poverty here

eine Zeit der Nót — a time of need, a lean time

aus Nót — out of poverty

Nót leiden — to suffer deprivation

Nót leidend (Bevölkerung, Land) — impoverished; Unternehmen, Wirtschaft ailing; (Comm) Wechsel, Wertpapier dishonoured (Brit), dishonored (US); Kredit unsecured

lindern — to improve sb's lot

in Nót leben — to live in poverty

Nót macht erfinderisch (Prov) — necessity is the mother of invention (Prov)

in der Nót schmeckt jedes Brot (Prov) — beggars can't be choosers (prov)

Nót kennt kein Gebot (Prov) — necessity knows no law (Prov)

See:

→ Geldnot, Zeitnot

2) (= Bedrängnis) distress no pl, affliction; (= Problem) problem

die Nöte des Alltags — the problems of everyday living

in seiner Nót — in his hour of need

in unserer Nót blieb uns nichts anderes übrig — in this emergency we had no choice

jdm seine Nót klagen — to tell sb one's troubles, to cry on sb's shoulder (inf)

in Nót sein — to be in distress

in Nót geraten — to get into serious difficulties

wenn Nót am Mann ist — if the need arises

Freunde in der Nót (gehen tausend auf ein Lot) (Prov) — a friend in need (is a friend indeed) (Prov)

der Retter in der Nót — the knight in shining armour (Brit) or armor (US)

Hilfe in höchster Nót — help in the nick of time

in höchster Nót sein, sich in höchster Nót befinden — to be in dire straits

in Ängsten und Nöten schweben — to be in fear and trembling

jdm in der Nót beistehen —

jetzt ist Holland in Nót! — now we're in dire straits!

3) no pl (= Sorge, Mühe) difficulty, trouble

er hat seine liebe Nót mit ihr/damit — he really has problems with her/it, he really has his work cut out with her/it (inf)

die Eltern hatten Nót, ihre fünf Kinder zu ernähren —

es hat or damit hat's keine Nót (old) — there's no rush

See:

→ knapp, Mühe

4) (= Zwang, Notwendigkeit) necessity

der Nót gehorchend — bowing to necessity

etw nicht ohne Nót tun — not to do sth without having to

ohne Nót — without good cause

zur Nót — if necessary, if need(s) be

aus der Nót geboren sein — to be born of necessity

aus der Nót eine Tugend machen — to make a virtue (out) of necessity

Nót sein — to be necessary

See:

→ nottun

* * *

die

(poverty or other difficulty: Many people are in great need.) need

* * *

Not

<-, Nöte>

[ˈno:t, pl ˈnø:tə]

f

1. kein pl (Armut) need, poverty, hardship

das war eine Zeit der \Not it was a time of need, a lean time

es herrscht bittere \Not there is abject poverty

in diesem Land herrscht große \Not there is great poverty and hardship in this country

aus \Not out of poverty

in \Not geraten to encounter hard times

in \Not leben to live in poverty

\Not leiden to live in poverty, to suffer deprivation

\Not leidend destitute

\Not leidende Menschen people in need

2. (Bedrängnis) distress, affliction

jdm in der \Not beistehen to support sb at a difficult time, to help sb in times of trouble

in \Not geraten to get into difficulties [or dire straits]

jdm in der Stunde der \Not helfen to help sb in her/his hour of need

jdm seine \Not klagen to pour out one's troubles to sb

in \Not [o Nöten] sein to be in difficulties [or dire straits]

in seiner/ihrer \Not in his/her distress [or desperation]

in seiner \Not wusste er sich nicht anders zu helfen he couldn't see what else he could do

in höchster \Not in extremis

Rettung in höchster \Not rescue in extremis

Hilfe in höchster \Not help in the nick of time

3. pl (Problem)

die Nöte des Alltags humdrum problems, the problems of everyday living

in Ängsten und Nöten schweben to be hot and bothered

die Nöte des kleinen Mannes the average person's problems

in tausend Nöten sein to be up to one's hips in alligators fam

4. kein pl (Mühe, Sorge) difficulty, trouble

sie hatten \Not, ihre sechs Kinder zu ernähren they had difficulty in feeding their six children

seine liebe \Not haben mit jdm/etw to have one's work cut out with sb/sth, to have a lot of trouble [or problems] with sb/sth

sie hat ihre liebe \Not mit ihrem Sohn she really has her work cut out with her son

seine liebe \Not haben, etw zu tun to have one's work cut out doing sth

mit knapper \Not just, by the skin of one's teeth

mit knapper \Not hat sie den Zug noch erreicht she just managed to catch the train; s.a. Mühe

5. kein pl (veraltend: Notwendigkeit) necessity

damit hat es keine \Not there's no rush

ohne \Not sollte man nicht zu so drastischen Maßnahmen greifen if there is no need, one shouldn't resort to such drastic measures

im Deutschen werden oft ohne \Not Anglizismen für die Bezeichnung neuer Gegenstände verwendet in German, Anglicisms are often used for describing new articles when there is actually no need [to use foreign words]

der \Not gehorchend out of necessity

tun, was die \Not gebietet to do what has to be done

etw nicht ohne \Not tun not to do sth without having to

6.

▶ \Not bricht Eisen (prov) desperation gives you strength

▶ \Not macht erfinderisch (prov) necessity is the mother of invention prov

▶ in der \Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen (prov) beggars can't be choosers prov

▶ wenn die \Not am größten, ist Gottes Hilfe am nächsten (prov) man's extremity is God's opportunity prov

▶ [da/jetzt/bei ihm ist] Holland in \Not [o Nöten] (prov) things are looking grim, now we are in for it

▶ \Not kennt kein Gebot (prov) necessity knows no law

▶ \Not lehrt beten (prov) in our hour of need we all turn to God

▶ wenn \Not am Mann ist (fam) in times of need

das sind mir gute Freunde, wenn \Not am Mann ist, haben sie sich alle verdünnisiert! that's what I call good friends — when I/you really needed them they all cleared off!

eigentlich wollte ich morgen zum Angeln gehen, aber wenn wirklich \Not am Mann ist... actually, I wanted to go fishing tomorrow but if you're really stuck...

▶ in der \Not schmeckt jedes Brot (prov) hunger is the best cook prov

▶ in \Not und Tod zusammenhalten to stick together through thick and thin

▶ aus der \Not eine Tugend machen to make a virtue out of necessity

▶ zur \Not if need[s] be

* * *

die; Not, Nöte

1) (Bedrohung, Gefahr)

Rettung in od. aus höchster Not — rescue from extreme difficulties

in Not sein — be in desperate straits

2) o. Pl. (Mangel, Armut) need; poverty [and hardship]

Not leiden — suffer poverty or want [and hardship]

in Not geraten — encounter hard times

Not macht erfinderisch — necessity is the mother of invention (prov.)

in der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen — beggars can't be choosers (prov.)

3) o. Pl. (Verzweiflung) anguish; distress

4) (Sorge, Mühe) trouble

in Nöten sein — have many troubles

seine [liebe] Not mit jemandem/etwas haben — have a lot of trouble or a lot of problems with somebody/something

mit knapper Not — by the skin of one's teeth

5) o. Pl. (veralt.): (Notwendigkeit) necessity

zur Not — if need be; if necessary

wenn Not am Mann ist — when the need arises

aus der Not eine Tugend machen — make a virtue of necessity

Not tun or sein — (geh., landsch.) be necessary

* * *

Not f; -, Nöte

1. nur sg; (Mangel, Armut) want, need, poverty; (Notlage) plight; (Elend) auch misery;

wirtschaftliche Not economic plight;

Not leiden suffer want ( oder privation);

die Not leidende Bevölkerung the needy people;

Not Leidende → Notleidende;

in der Stunde der Not at the hour of need;

für Zeiten der Not for a rainy day;

in Not geraten/sein encounter hard times/be suffering want;

keine Not kennen be well-off;

Not macht erfinderisch necessity is the mother of invention;

in der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen umg any port in a storm, beggars can’t be choosers;

Not kennt kein Gebot sprichw necessity knows no law;

Not lehrt beten sprichw need teaches you how to pray

2. (Schwierigkeit) difficulty, trouble; (Bedrängnis) distress; (Gefahr) danger;

Nöte difficulties, problems;

in tausend Nöten sein be in real trouble ( oder a real mess);

in Not sein be in trouble;

in Not geraten run into difficulties;

in höchster Not in dire straits;

Rettung in oder

aus höchster Not rescue from extreme difficulties;

in meiner etc

Not in my etc predicament

3. nur sg (Mühe):

seine liebe Not haben have a hard time (of it);

mit jemandem/etwas seine liebe Not haben have a hard time with sb/s.th;

ich hatte meine liebe Not, wieder ans Ufer zu schwimmen I had great difficulty in swimming back to the bank;

ohne Not without any problem

4. nur sg; (Notwendigkeit) necessity;

damit hat es keine Not it’s not urgent;

ohne Not solltest du das nicht tun you shouldn’t do that unless it’s really necessary;

zur Not if necessary, if need be; (gerade noch) at (US in) a pinch; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst;

wenn Not am Mann ist if need be; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst;

hier ist Hilfe Not geh I etc need help here;

aus der Not eine Tugend machen make a virtue of necessity;

der Not gehorchend geh bowing to necessity; → auch Mühe, knapp A

* * *

die; Not, Nöte

1) (Bedrohung, Gefahr)

Rettung in od. aus höchster Not — rescue from extreme difficulties

in Not sein — be in desperate straits

2) o. Pl. (Mangel, Armut) need; poverty [and hardship]

Not leiden — suffer poverty or want [and hardship]

in Not geraten — encounter hard times

Not macht erfinderisch — necessity is the mother of invention (prov.)

in der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen — beggars can't be choosers (prov.)

3) o. Pl. (Verzweiflung) anguish; distress

4) (Sorge, Mühe) trouble

in Nöten sein — have many troubles

seine [liebe] Not mit jemandem/etwas haben — have a lot of trouble or a lot of problems with somebody/something

mit knapper Not — by the skin of one's teeth

5) o. Pl. (veralt.): (Notwendigkeit) necessity

zur Not — if need be; if necessary

wenn Not am Mann ist — when the need arises

aus der Not eine Tugend machen — make a virtue of necessity

Not tun or sein — (geh., landsch.) be necessary

* * *

¨-e f.

distress n.

(§ pl.: distresses)

hardship n.

misery n.

necessity n.

need n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Not
8 m|ieć

impf (mam, masz) Ⅰ vt 1. (posiadać) (na własność) to have (got), to own [dom, samochód, mikrofalówkę]; (do dyspozycji) to have (got); (prowadzić) to run [firmę, warsztat]
- mają dom na wsi they have a. own a house in the country

- miał po ojcu warsztat samochodowy he had a. owned a garage left to him by his father

- nasze muzeum ma dużą kolekcję impresjonistów our museum has (got) a large collection of Impressionist paintings

- mam dla ciebie prezent/tę książkę o kotach I’ve got a present/that book about cats for you

- miał wszystkiego dwie pary butów he only had two pairs of shoes

- ubrała się w to, co miała she put on what she had

- nie mam psa I don’t have a. I haven’t got a dog

- nie mamy ani telewizora, ani pralki we have neither a TV nor a washing machine

- wydawnictwo nie ma funduszy na zatrudnienie specjalisty the publishers can’t afford to employ a specialist

- nie mam nic do jedzenia I’ve got nothing to eat, I don’t have anything to eat

- czy oni mają namiot? have they got a tent?, do they have a tent?

- masz scyzoryk? have you got a penknife?

- czy ma pan bagaż? have you got any luggage?

- czy macie gaz? have you got gas?

- mieć coś przy sobie to have sth on one

- masz przy sobie jakieś drobne? have you got any change on you?

- gdzie masz klucze/moją książkę? what have you done with the keys/my book?

- gdzie masz rower? where’s your bike? pot.

- mieć na coś to have money for sth

- miałem tylko na jedno piwo I only had for one beer

- (on) ma na przyjemności, a nie ma na lekarza he has money to spend on pleasures, but he can’t afford a doctor

- nie miał na nowe buty, a co dopiero na samochód he couldn’t afford a pair of new shoes, let alone a car

- mieć za co coś zrobić to have enough money to do sth, to be able to afford to do sth

- nie mieli za co wyjechać na wakacje they didn’t have enough to go on holiday, they couldn’t afford to go on holiday

- nie mają z czego żyć they don’t have enough to live on

- jak masz na imię? what’s your name?

- mam na imię Maria my name’s Maria

- (on) ma na nazwisko Nowak his (sur)name is Nowak

- mieć coś na sobie to have sth on, to be wearing sth

- miał (na sobie) granatowy garnitur he had a blue suit on, he was wearing a blue suit

- na głowie miała kapelusz, na szyi biały szalik she had a hat on her head and a white scarf round her neck

- nie mieć nic na sobie (być gołym) to have nothing on

- mieć kogoś u siebie (gościć) to have sb staying with one

- od tygodnia mamy u siebie teściów we’ve had my in-laws (staying) with us for the past week

- jeśli Legia wygra, mam u ciebie piwo! you owe me a beer if Legia win(s)

- masz!/macie! (weź/weźcie) here!

- macie kanapki, jedzcie! here’s the sandwiches, eat up! pot.

- masz, włóż to na siebie! here, put this on!

- (a) masz! (zadając razy) take that!

- (a) masz za to, że kłamiesz, a masz, a masz! (and) take that for lying! and that! and that! pot.

- masz za swoje! (dobrze ci tak) serves you right!

- ma za swoje, że jest taki naiwny it serves him right for being so naive

- mamy teraz za swoje dobre serce! that’s the thanks we get for being nice a. for all our kindness!

- masz ci (los) a. masz tobie! blast (it)! pot., damn (it)! pot.

- masz ci los, zapomniałam parasola! blast, I’ve forgotten my umbrella!

- masz go/ją/ich! (wyrażające zaskoczenie) just look at him/her/them!

- masz go, jaki mądrala! look at him, Mr Clever Dick! GB pot.
2. (liczyć sobie) to be
- mieć dwadzieścia lat to be twenty (years old)

- ile ona ma lat? how old is she?

- mieć dwa metry wzrostu/wysokości to be two metres tall/high

- mieć sześć metrów głębokości/szerokości/długości to be six metres deep/wide/long

- pokój ma sześć metrów na pięć the room is six by five metres

- dom będzie miał siedem pięter the house will be seven storeys high a. will have seven storeys

- kilometr ma tysiąc metrów one kilometre is a thousand metres
3. (posiadać jako cechę) to have (got)
- pokój ma dwa okna the room has two windows

- miał niebieskie oczy/siwe włosy he had blue eyes/grey hair

- miała dziurawe buty she had holes in her shoes

- kubek ma wyszczerbiony brzeg the mug’s rim is chipped

- miała męża Włocha/inżyniera her husband was Italian/an engineer

- mieć talent/cierpliwość/odwagę to have talent/patience/courage

- nie mieć talentu/cierpliwości/odwagi to lack talent/patience/courage

- mieć takt/rozsądek to be tactful/sensible

- mieć (swoje) wady i zalety to have one’s good and bad points

- zasłony mają kolor wiśni the curtains are cherry red in colour

- działka ma kształt prostokąta a. prostokątny the allotment is rectangular (in shape)

- jej perfumy miały słodkawy zapach/zapach konwalii her scent was sweet smelling/smelled of lily of the valley

- urodę miała po matce, a talent po ojcu her looks came from her mother and her talent from her father

- za całe umeblowanie pokój miał zdezelowany stół the only piece of furniture in the room was a rickety table

- mieć w sobie coś (być interesującym) to have a certain something

- on ma w sobie coś z dziecka/roztargnionego profesora there is something of the child/the absent-minded professor in a. about him

- nie mieć nic do czegoś to have nothing to do with sth

- jej wyjazd nie ma nic do naszych planów her going away has nothing to do with our plans

- marzenia mają to do siebie, że rzadko się spełniają the thing about dreams is that they rarely come true

- miała to do siebie, że zawsze się spóźniała the thing about her was that she was always late
4. (o stanie fizycznym i psychicznym) to have [grypę, gruźlicę, trudności]; to feel [ochotę, żal]; to have, to bear [urazę]
- mieć gorączkę a. temperaturę to have a. be running a temperature

- mieć 39° gorączki to have a temperature of 39 degrees

- mieć złamaną nogę to have a broken leg

- mieć częste bóle głowy to have frequent headaches

- mieć pragnienie to be thirsty

- mieć dobry apetyt to have a good a. hearty appetite

- mieć wadę a. defekt to have a defect

- mieć gumę pot. (w samochodzie) to have a flat pot.

- mam nadzieję, że… I hope that…

- mieć ochotę coś zrobić to feel like doing sth

- miała ochotę płakać she felt like crying

- mieć przekonanie/pewność, że… to be convinced/sure a. certain that…

- mieć kogoś/czegoś dość a. dosyć to have had enough of sb/sth, to be fed up with sb/sth

- mam tego powyżej uszu a. po dziurki w nosie! pot. I’ve had it up to here! pot.

- mieć coś wypisane w oczach a. na czole a. na twarzy to have sth written all over one’s face

- miała winę wypisaną na twarzy she had guilt written all over her face
5. (o relacjach między ludźmi) to have [syna, córkę, przyjaciół, wrogów]
- to dziecko nie ma matki/ojca this boy/girl has no mother/father

- ona nie ma rodzeństwa she has no brothers or sisters

- ona będzie miała dziecko she’s going to have a. she’s expecting a baby

- miała z nim dwóch synów she had two sons by him

- miał za żonę piekielnicę his wife was a real she-devil a. spitfire

- nie miał do kogo zwrócić się o pomoc he had no-one to turn to for help

- mieć kogoś przy sobie a. obok siebie a. przy boku to have sb at one’s side

- mieć kogoś/coś na uwadze a. na względzie to have sb/sth in mind, to take sb/sth into consideration

- mieć z kimś porachunki to have a bone to pick with sb

- mieć kogoś/coś przeciwko sobie to have sb/sth against one

- miał przeciwko sobie opinię publiczną public opinion was against him

- mieć przyjemność/zaszczyt coś zrobić książk. to have the pleasure/honour to do a. of doing sth

- miałem zaszczyt poznać pańskich rodziców I had the honour of meeting your parents

- mam przyjemność przedstawić państwu naszego gościa I have the pleasure of introducing our guest

- z kim mam przyjemność? książk. to whom do I have the honour of speaking? książk., także iron.

- mieć coś/nie mieć nic przeciwko komuś/czemuś to have something/nothing against sb/sth

- mieć coś do kogoś pot. to have something against sb

- do ciebie nic nie mam I’ve got nothing against you

- mieć coś na kogoś to have the goods a. the dope on sb pot.

- niczego na mnie nie mają they’ve got nothing on me pot.

- mam z nią do pomówienia a. pogadania I need to have a (serious) talk with her

- mieć kogoś nad sobą to have sb above one

- kierownik ma nad sobą dyrektora, a dyrektor – zarząd the manager answers to the director and the director answers to the board

- mieć kogoś pod sobą to be in charge of sb

- (ona) ma pod sobą dwudziestu pracowników she’s in charge of a staff of twenty

- kapral miał pod sobą dziesięciu żołnierzy the corporal had ten men under his command a. under him

- mieć kogoś za sobą (być popieranym) to have sb behind one, to have sb’s backing

- mieli za sobą większość the majority was a. were behind them, they had the majority behind them

- mieć kogoś za głupca to take sb for a fool

- ich zachowanie mam za nieco naiwne I consider their behaviour rather naive

- za kogo pan mnie ma! who do you take me for!, who do you think I am!

- mieć w kimś rywala/sojusznika to have a rival/an ally in sb

- mieć kogoś pot. (być związanym z kimś) to have somebody, to be involved with somebody

- chwalił się, że miał je wszystkie pot. (odbył stosunek) he boasted of having had them all pot.

- płacą tak dużo, że mogą mieć każdego they pay so much they can take on a. hire anyone they like
6. (znajdować się w jakiejś sytuacji) to have (got) [długi, posadę, połączenie]
- mam dobrą komunikację do pracy I’ve got good connections to work

- centrum miasta ma dobrą komunikację z przedmieściami there are good connections from the city centre to the suburbs

- mieć słuszność a. rację to be right

- mieć ciepło/przytulnie to be warm/cosy

- owinęła dziecko szalem, żeby miało ciepło she put a scarf round the baby to keep him/her warm

- mam daleko/blisko do szkoły I have a long way/I don’t have far to go to school

- ty to masz dobrze, nie musisz wstawać o siódmej it’s alright for you, you don’t have to get up at seven (a.m.)

- mieliśmy tu wczoraj burzę/śnieżycę we had a storm/snowstorm here yesterday

- mamy dziś słoneczną pogodę it’s sunny today

- mam dziś kiepski dzień I’m having one of those days (today)

- kłopotów z nim miałam co niemiara I’ve had no end of trouble with him

- co ja z tobą mam? what am I to do with you?

- jest całkiem młoda, chciałaby jeszcze mieć coś z życia she’s still very young, she’d like to get something out of life pot.

- (on) haruje od świtu do nocy i co z tego ma? he slaves away from morning to night, and what does he have to show for it?

- miał przed sobą kilka godzin marszu he had several hours of walking ahead of a. in front of him

- miała przed sobą trudną rozmowę z szefem she had a difficult conversation with the boss ahead of her

- mieć przed sobą przyszłość to have a (bright) future ahead of a. before one

- miał przed sobą karierę he had a brilliant career ahead of a. in front of him

- mieć coś za a. poza sobą to have sth behind one

- ma za sobą trzyletnie doświadczenie he has three years’ experience behind him

- mam już to wszystko za sobą all that is behind me now

- mam co robić, nie nudzę się I’ve got things to do, I don’t sit around

- nie mieć gdzie mieszkać/spać to have nowhere to live/sleep

- nie mam gdzie przenocować I have nowhere to spend the night

- nie mieć kiedy spać/jeść/odpocząć to not have time to sleep/eat/relax

- nie mają kiedy w ścianach wiercić, tylko w niedzielę! of course, they have to drill holes in the wall on a Sunday!

- mieć czas to have time (coś zrobić to do sth)

- nie miałem czasu zająć się twoją sprawą I didn’t have time to deal with your problem

- na napisanie wypracowania macie godzinę you have an hour to write the essay

- nie miałeś mi tu kogo przyprowadzić!? why did you have to bring him/her/them here (of all people)?!

- mieć coś/nie mieć nic do powiedzenia (dużo/mało wiedzieć) to have something/nothing to say (na temat kogoś/czegoś about sb/sth)

- mieć coś/nie mieć nic do powiedzenia a. gadania pot. (o decydującym głosie) to have a say/no say

- ona nie ma w tej sprawie nic do powiedzenia a. gadania she has no say in the matter

- nie mamy już sobie nic więcej do powiedzenia we’ve got nothing more to say to each other

- mieć zły/dobry czas Sport to have a poor/good a. fast time

- mieć pierwsze/dziesiąte miejsce Sport to come first/tenth, to be in first/tenth place

- mam z nią wielką wygodę, sprząta, robi mi zakupy she’s a great help to me: she cleans and does my shopping

- nie masz co narzekać you’ve got nothing to complain about

- nie masz co się denerwować there’s no reason (for you) to get upset

- nie masz czego a. co żałować, film był kiepski you didn’t miss much: the film was hopeless

- w domu nie masz co się pokazywać you’d better not show your face at home pot.
7. (brać udział) to have [zebranie, koncert, egzamin, próbę]
- (on) ma teraz naradę ze swym zastępcą he’s in conference at the moment with his deputy

- mieć sprawę a. proces to be on trial (o coś/o zrobienie czegoś for sth/for doing sth)

- ma sprawę a. proces o zabójstwo/spowodowanie wypadku samochodowego he’s on trial for murder/causing a car accident
8. (ukończyć etap nauki) to have, to hold [dyplom, tytuł]
- mieć studia a. wyższe wykształcenie to have completed higher education

- mój ojciec miał tylko cztery klasy my father only did four years at school

- miał już zawód i mógł rozpocząć samodzielne życie he’d completed his training and could now start his own life

- miał dwa fakultety he had graduated in two subjects
9. (znaleźć się w określonym miejscu lub czasie) wreszcie mamy stację here’s the station at last
- mamy drugi tydzień zimy it’s the second week of winter

- którego dziś mamy? what’s the date today?

- mamy dziś pierwszy stycznia/poniedziałek it’s January the 1st/Monday today

- którą masz godzinę? what time do you make it? pot.; what’s the time by your watch?

- mieć kogoś/coś po prawej/lewej stronie to have sb/sth on one’s right/left

- miał przed/za sobą dwóch strażników he had a. there were two guards in front of him/behind him
Ⅱ v aux. 1. (dla wyrażenia powinności) macie teraz spać you’re to a. you have to (get off to) sleep now
- masz to zrobić natychmiast! you’re to do it right now!

- co mam zrobić/jej powiedzieć? what am I (supposed) to do/tell her?

- po co się mam wysilać? why should I bother?, why should I make the effort?

- masz tego nikomu nie powtarzać! (and) don’t go repeating a. telling it to anyone!

- i ja mam w to uwierzyć? and you/they want me to a. I’m supposed to believe that?

- mieć coś do zrobienia to have sth to do

- ma obowiązek do spełnienia s/he has a duty to perform

- mam sprawę do załatwienia I’ve got something to sort out

- mamy zaległości do odrobienia we’ve got a backlog of work to catch up on
2. (zamiar, przewidywanie) (ona) ma przyjść o drugiej she’s expected (to come) at two
- miano zburzyć ich dom their house was to be demolished

- samolot miał wylądować w Warszawie, ale… the plane was supposed to land a. have landed in Warsaw, but…

- podobno jutro ma być ładna pogoda it’s supposed to be good a. nice weather tomorrow

- w pozostałej części kraju ma nadal padać in the rest of the country continuing rain is expected

- miała umrzeć w nędzy w wieku czterdziestu lat she was to die in poverty at the age of forty

- przyszłość miała pokazać, że się myli subsequent events were to prove him/her wrong

- jak się miało okazać as things a. it turned out; as it transpired książk.

- i co ja mam z tobą zrobić? what am I (supposed) to do with you?

- jeśli mielibyśmy się nie zobaczyć przed twoim wyjazdem, baw się dobrze in case we don’t see each other before you leave, have a good time

- niech się stanie, co się ma stać let things happen as they will

- właśnie miałem wyjść, kiedy zadzwonił telefon I was just about to leave a. just on the point of leaving when the phone rang

- właśnie miałam powiedzieć to samo I was just about to a. just going to say the same thing

- czy mam przez to rozumieć, że… am I to understand (by that) that…

- mieć coś do sprzedania/zaproponowania to have sth to sell/propose

- choćby a. żeby nie wiem co się miało stać, (to)… no matter what happens a. might happen…

- choćbym a. żebym miał pęknąć a. trupem paść pot. even if it kills me pot.
3. (rezultat) mieć coś zrobione to have sth done
- mam już napisaną pracę I’ve already written the essay

- miał ukończone wyższe studia he had been to university/college

- czy macie załatwione bilety? have you booked/got the tickets?

- pieniądze mam dobrze schowane I’ve put the money in a safe place

- mam obiecaną podwyżkę I’ve been promised a rise

- miał przykazane trzymać język za zębami he was a. he’d been told to keep his mouth shut pot.
4. (zdziwienie, rozczarowanie) ja miałbym to powiedzieć? I said that?!
- ona miałaby mi się podobać? you think I find her attractive?

- miałbyś sumienie to zrobić? could you do (something like) that (with a clear conscience)?

- to ma być hotel czterogwiazdkowy? (z dezaprobatą) and you/they call this a. this is supposed to be a four-star hotel?!

- ten grubas to miałbym być ja!? (z niedowierzaniem) is this/that fatso really me? pot.

- pokazał nam skórę tygrysa, którego miał upolować w Afryce (z powątpiewaniem) he showed us the skin of a tiger, which he is supposed to have killed in Africa
Ⅲ mieć się 1. (być w stanie, położeniu) to be; (czuć się) to feel, to be
- ciotka wyzdrowiała i ma się dobrze auntie has recovered and is doing well

- jak się mają twoi rodzice? how are your parents?

- jak się masz! (powitanie) how are you?; how’s it going? pot.

- mam się dzisiaj lepiej I feel better today

- sprawy mają się nieźle things are working out (quite) well

- jak się rzeczy mają? how do things stand?

- rzecz ma się tak, że… the thing is that…

- jak te dwie wersje mają się do siebie? how do the two versions compare?

- jak to się ma jedno do drugiego? how do the two compare?

- teoria nijak się miała do praktyki the theory was (completely) divorced from practice

- A tak się ma do B, jak C do D a. A i B tak się mają do siebie, jak C i D A is to B like C is to D

- mieli się do siebie jak dzień do nocy they were like chalk and cheese
2. (uważać się za) to think a. consider oneself
- mieć się za artystę/człowieka honoru to consider oneself (to be) an artist/a man of honour

- (on) ma się za Bóg wie co pot. he thinks he’s God (almighty) pot.

- miała się za bliską śmierci she thought she was about to a. going to die
3. (być bliskim) mieć się ku końcowi to be drawing to a close a. an end
- miało się a. dzień miał się ku zachodowi it was getting towards sunset

- sytuacja ma się ku lepszemu the situation is looking better

- ma się na deszcz it looks like rain

- miało się na burzę a storm was brewing, there was thunder in the air

- wiedzieć, jak się rzeczy mają to know how things stand a. are
Ⅳ ma Fin. (zapis księgowy) credit
- winien i ma debit and credit

- zapisać coś po stronie „ma” to enter sth on the credit side
Ⅴ mam! inter. (przypomniałem sobie) I’ve got it!
- (już) mam! mieszkaliśmy na tej samej ulicy! I’ve got it! we used to live in the same street!

- mam cię! a. tu cię mam! (złapałem cię, przyłapałem cię) I’ve got you!; got you! pot.

- mam cię, już mi nie uciekniesz! got you, you won’t get away now!
Ⅵ nie ma być
■ ma się rozumieć a. wiedzieć! it a. that goes without saying!

- ma się rozumieć, że przyjdę of course I’ll come

- mieć głowę a. łebpot. (na karku a. nie od parady) to have a good head on one’s shoulders

- on to ma łeb! he’s no fool!

- mieć głowę do interesów to have a good head for business

- nie mam teraz do tego głowy I don’t want to think about it/that now

- mieć kogoś/coś w nosiepot. a. gdzieśeuf. a. w głębokim poważaniueuf. to not care a damn about sb/sth pot.; to not give a monkey’s about sb/sth pot., euf.

- mam to wszystko gdzieś! pot. to hell with it all! pot.

- mieć kogoś/coś w dupie wulg. to not give a shit a. toss GB about sb/sth wulg.

- sie masz! pot. (powitanie) hi! pot.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > m|ieć
9 llevar

v.

1 to take.

llevar algo/a alguien a to take something/somebody to

me llevó en coche he drove me there

El bus llevó a María The bus got Mary there.

2 to carry.

llevaban en hombros al entrenador they were carrying the coach on their shoulders

El bus lleva mercadería para vender The bus carries goods for selling.

Esa frase lleva mala intención That phrase carries bad intention.

3 to wear.

llevo gafas I wear glasses

no llevo dinero I haven't got any money on me

4 to have.

llevar el pelo largo to have long hair

llevas las manos sucias your hands are dirty

5 to handle, to deal with.

lleva la contabilidad she keeps the books

6 to keep.

llevar el paso to keep in step

7 to deal or cope with.

llevar algo bien/mal to deal o cope with something well/badly

¿cómo lo llevas? (informal) how are you getting on?

8 to be wearing, to have, to wear.

LLeva un buen traje He is wearing a nice suit.

9 to lead, to live.

Lleva un vida muy triste He leads a very sad life.

10 to convey.

Su gesto lleva amor His gesture conveys love.

11 to take up.

Ella llevó ciencias el año pasado She took up Science last year.

12 to have been.

Llevo viviendo mucho tiempo aquí I have been living a long time here.

* * *

llevar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to take

■ llévale esto a tu abuela take this to your granny

■ llévate los libros a tu habitación take these books to your bedroom

■ lleva a tu hermanita al colegio take your little sister to school

■ te llevo en coche I'll take you in the car, I'll give you a lift

2 (tener) to have; (tener encima) to have, carry

■ ¿qué llevas ahí? what's that you've got there?

■ ¿cuánto dinero llevas? how much money have you got on you?

■ llevaba un bate de béisbol she was carrying a baseball bat

■ llevaba las luces de posición encendidas his sidelights were on

■ llevo la calefacción puesta I've got the heating on

■ llevas los pantalones sucios your trousers are dirty

3 (prenda) to wear, have on

■ no me gusta llevar sombrero I don't like wearing a hat

■ no llevaba nada she had nothing on

■ llevaré un clavel en el ojal I shall be wearing a carnation in my buttonhole

4 (aguantar) to cope with

■ ¿cómo lleva lo de quedarse sin trabajo? how's he coping with losing his job?

5 (dirigir) to be in charge of

■ ¿quién lleva el tema de los pedidos? who's in charge of orders?

■ lleva la empresa ella solita she runs the company all by herself

6 (conducir - coche) to drive; (moto) - to ride

■ lleva un Seat azul he drives a blue Seat

7 (pasar tiempo) to be

■ llevo un mes aquí I have been here for a month

■ lleva tres días sin venir a trabajar he hasn't been to work for three days

8 (libros, cuentas) to keep

9 (años) to be older

■ te llevo tres años I'm three years older than you

10 (vida) to lead

■ lleva una vida muy ajetreada she leads a hectic life

11 (tiempo, esfuerzo) to take

■ este trabajo nos llevará más de un mes this job will take us over a month

12 (compás, paso, ritmo) to keep

■ contigo no bailo, no sabes llevar el paso I'm not dancing with you, you can't keep in step

13 familiar (cobrar) to charge

■ ¿cuánto te llevaron por la reparación? how much did they charge you for the repairs?

► verbo intransitivo

1 llevar a (conducir) to take, lead

■ esta senda lleva a la cima this path takes you to the summit

■ y esto, ¿adónde nos lleva? and where will this lead us?

2 llevar a + inf (inducir) to lead to, make

■ esto me lleva a pensar que... this leads me to think that...

■ ¿qué lo llevó a actuar así? what made him act like that?

3 llevar + participio to have

■ llevo escritas cuatro cartas I've written four letters

► verbo pronominal llevarse

1 (obtener) to get; (ganar) to win

■ los rusos se llevaron todas las medallas the Russians won all the medals

2 (recibir) to get

■ se llevó un buen susto he got quite a shock

■ me llevé una agradable sorpresa I had a pleasant surprise

3 (estar de moda) to be fashionable

■ este color ya no se lleva this colour is not fashionable any more

4 (entenderse) to get on ( con, with), get along ( con, with)

■ se lleva bien con sus padres he gets on well with his parents

■ se llevan muy mal they don't get on at all

5 MATEMÁTICAS to carry over

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

dejarse llevar por... to be influenced by..., get carried away with...

llevar a la práctica to put into practice

llevar adelante to carry out

llevar la cuenta de to keep track of

llevar las de + inf to be likely to + inf

■ las llevas de perder you'll lose

llevarse a matar to be at daggers drawn

llevarse por delante (gen) to carry away, sweep away 2 (viento) to blow away 3 (coche) to run over

* * *

verb

1) to carry

2) take, take away

3) wear

4) endure, bear

•

- llevar a cabo
- llevarse
* * *
Para las expresiones llevar adelante, llevar la contraria, llevar las de perder, llevar a la práctica, llevar a término, llevar ventaja, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO TRANSITIVO

1) (=transportar) [con los brazos] to carry; [indicando el punto de destino] to take; [en vehículo] to transport

yo llevaba la maleta — I was carrying the case

es muy pesado para llevarlo entre los dos — it's too heavy for the two of us to carry

no te olvides de llevar un paraguas — make sure you take an umbrella with you

lleva los vasos a la cocina — can you take the glasses to the kitchen?

"comida para llevar" — "food to take away", "take-away food"

¿es para llevar? — is it to take away?

2) (=llevar puesto) to wear

¿hay que llevar corbata a la reunión? — do we have to wear a tie to the meeting?

llevaba puesto un sombrero muy raro — she had a very odd hat on, she was wearing a very odd hat

3) (=llevar encima)

solo llevo diez euros — I've only got ten euros on me

no llevo dinero (encima) — I haven't got any money on me

¡la que llevaba encima aquella noche! — * he was really smashed that night! *

4) (=tener)

a) [+ barba, pelo] to have

lleva barba — he has a beard

lleva el pelo corto — he has short hair

b) [+ adorno, ingrediente] to have

esta raqueta no lleva el precio — this racket doesn't have the price on it

este pastel no lleva harina — this cake doesn't have any flour in it

lleva un rótulo que dice... — it has a label (on it) which says...

el tren no lleva coche-comedor — the train doesn't have a dining car

lleva mucha sal — it's very salty

¿qué lleva el pollo que está tan bueno? — what's in this chicken that makes it taste so good?

c) [+ armas, nombre, título] to have, bear frm

llevará el nombre de la madre — she will be named after her mother

el libro lleva el título de... — the book has the title of..., the book is entitled...

5) [+ persona]

a) (=acompañar, conducir) to take

voy a llevar a los niños al colegio — I'm going to take the children to school

lo llevamos al teatro — we took him to the theatre

¿adónde me llevan? — where are you taking me?

a ver ¿cuándo me llevas a cenar? — when are you going to take me out for a meal?

b) [en coche] to drive

Sofía nos llevó a casa — Sofía gave us a lift home, Sofía drove us home

yo voy en esa dirección, ¿quieres que te lleve? — I'm going that way, do you want a lift?

6) (=conducir)

a) [+ vehículo] to drive

lleva muy bien el coche — she drives the car very well

yo llevé el coche hasta Santander — I drove the car to Santander

b) [+ persona, entidad]

este camino nos lleva a Bogotá — this road takes us to Bogotá

ha llevado al país a una guerra — he has led the country into a war

llevó a su empresa a la bancarrota — he caused his company to go bankrupt, he bankrupted his company

• [dejarse] llevar — to get carried away

se dejaba llevar por las olas — he allowed the waves to carry him away

no te dejes llevar por las apariencias — don't be taken in {o} deceived by appearances

si te dejas llevar por él, acabarás mal — if you fall in with him, you'll be in trouble

7) (=dirigir) [+ negocio, tienda] to run

llevar una finca — to run an estate

lleva todos sus negocios en secreto — he conducts all his business in secret

• llevar la [casa] — to run the household

lleva muy bien la casa — she's a very good housewife

• ¿quién lleva la [cuenta]? — who is keeping count?

llevar las cuentas {o} los libros — (Com) to keep the books

• llevar una [materia] — Méx to study a subject
compás 1)
8) (=aportar) to bring

la madre es quien lleva el dinero a la casa — it is the mother who brings home the money

llevó la tranquilidad a todos — he brought peace to everyone

seguro que llevas alegría a tu familia — I'm sure you're making your family happy

9) (=adelantar en)

mi hermana mayor me lleva ocho años — my elder sister is eight years older than me

él me lleva una cabeza — he's a head taller than me

10) (=inducir)

llevar a algn a creer que... — to lead sb to think that..., make sb think that...

esto me lleva a pensar que... — this leads me to think that...

11) (=tolerar)

llevar las desgracias con paciencia — to bear misfortunes patiently

¿cómo lleva lo de su hijo? — how's she coping with what happened to her son?

lleva muy bien sus setenta años — he's doing very well for seventy

tiene mucho genio y hay que saber llevarlo — he's very bad-tempered and you have to know how to deal with him

12) [indicando tiempo]

a) (=haber estado) to be

¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí? — how long have you been here?

llevo horas esperando aquí — I've been waiting here for hours

el tren lleva una hora de retraso — the train is an hour late

llevo tres meses buscándolo — I have been looking for it for three months

b) (=tardar) to take

el trabajo me llevará tres días — the work will take me three days

llevará varias horas reparar la avería — it will take several hours to carry out the repairs

13) (=cobrar) to charge

me llevó 80 euros por arreglar el televisor — he charged me 80 euros for fixing the television

no quería llevarme nada — he didn't want to charge me, he didn't want to take any money

14) (=ir por)

¿qué dirección llevaba? — what direction was he going in?, which way was he going?

• lleva [camino] de ser como su padre — it looks like he's going to turn out just like his father

15) [+ vida] to lead

llevar una vida tranquila — to live {o} lead a quiet life

16) + participio

llevo estudiados tres capítulos — I have covered three chapters

llevaba hecha la mitad — he had done half of it

lleva conseguidas muchas victorias — he has won many victories

17) (=producir) (Com, Econ) to bear; (Agr) to bear, produce

los bonos llevan un 8% de interés — the bonds pay {o} bear interest at 8%

no lleva fruto este año — it has no fruit this year, it hasn't produced any fruit this year

2.

VERBO INTRANSITIVO [carretera] to go, lead

esta carretera lleva a La Paz — this road goes {o} leads to La Paz

3.

See:

llevarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

Sentido I

1)

a) ( de un lugar a otro) to take

le llevé unas flores — I took her some flowers

te lo llevaré cuando vaya — I'll bring it when I come

¿qué llevas en el bolso? — what have you got in your bag?

comida para llevar — take out (AmE) o (BrE) takeaway meals

b) ( transportar) to carry

el camión llevaba una carga de abono — the truck was carrying a load of fertilizer

deja que te ayude a llevar las bolsas — let me help you carry your bags

c) < persona> to take

llevar a los niños al colegio — to take the children to school

nos llevó a cenar — he took us out to dinner

me llevó hasta la estación — she gave me a lift to the station

lo llevaba en brazos — she was carrying him in her arms

d) ( tener consigo) to have

no llevo dinero encima — I don't have any money on me

2)

a) (guiar, conducir) to take

nos llevaron por un sendero — they led o took us along a path

la llevaba de la mano — I/he was holding her hand

esto no nos llevará a ninguna parte — this won't get us anywhere

lo llevaron ante el juez — he was brought before the judge

b) (impulsar, inducir) to lead

esto me lleva a pensar que... — this leads me to believe that...

¿qué la llevó a hacerlo? — what made her do it?

3) <ropa/perfume/reloj> to wear

4) ( tener) to have

lleva barba — he has a beard

llevaba el pelo corto — she had short hair

el colegio lleva su nombre — the school bears his name

una canción que lleva por título `Rencor' — a song entitled `Rencor'

Sentido II

5) ( tener a su cargo) <negocio/tienda> to run; < caso> to handle

lleva la contabilidad — she does the accounts

trabaja y lleva la casa — she works and does the housework

6)

a) ( conducir) < vehículo> to drive; < moto> to ride

b) < pareja> ( al bailar)

no sé bailar - no importa, yo te llevo — I can't dance - it doesn't matter, I'll lead

7) < vida> to lead

llevar una vida tranquila/muy ajetreada — to lead a quiet/very hectic life; (+ compl)

lo llevan en secreto — they're keeping it secret

¿cómo lleva lo del divorcio? - lo lleva muy mal — how is she coping with the divorce? - she's taking it very badly

llevaste muy bien la entrevista — you handled the interview very well

8) (seguir, mantener)

llevar el ritmo or el compás — to keep time

¿llevas la cuenta de lo que te debo? — are you keeping track of what I owe you?

¿qué dirección llevaban? — which direction were they going in?

Sentido III

9)

a) ( requerir) to take

lleva tiempo hacerlo bien — it takes time to do it well; (+ me/te/le etc)

le llevó horas aprendérselo — it took her hours to learn it

b) (tener como ingrediente, componente)

¿qué lleva esta sopa? — what's in this soup?

esta masa lleva mantequilla — this pastry is made with butter

el tren sólo lleva dos vagones — the train has only two cars (AmE) o (BrE) carriages

10) (aventajar, exceder en) (+ me/te/le etc)

me lleva un año — he's a year older than me

nos llevan un día de ventaja — they have a one-day lead over us

11) (Esp) ( cobrar) to charge
2.
llevar v aux

lleva una hora esperando — she's been waiting for an hour

lleva tres días sin comer — he hasn't eaten for three days

el tren lleva una hora de retraso — the train's an hour late

llevo revisada la mitad — I've already checked half of it

llevo dos años en la empresa — I've been with the company for two years

llevar las de ganar/de perder — to be likely to win/lose
3.
llevar vi

a) camino/carretera to go, lead

b) ( al bailar) to lead
4.
llevarse v pron

1)

a) ( a otro lugar) to take

la policía se llevó al sospechoso — the police took the suspect away

¿quién se llevó mi paraguas? — who took my umbrella?

llévate a los chicos de aquí — get the children out of here

el agua se llevó cuanto encontró a su paso — the water swept away everything in its path

b) <premio/dinero> to win

c) (quedarse con, comprar) to take

me llevó éste — I'll take this one

¿cuántos se quiere llevar? — how many would you like?

d) (Mat) to carry

9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una — 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one

e) (Arg) < asignatura> to carry over

2) ( dirigir)

se llevó la mano al bolsillo — he put his hand to his pocket

3) <susto/regañina> to get

se llevó su merecido — he got what he deserved

me llevé una gran decepción — I was terribly disappointed

se llevó un buen recuerdo — he left here with pleasant memories

4)

llevarse bien con alguien — to get along with somebody

se llevan a matar — they really hate each other

se llevan como perro y gato — they fight like cat and dog

5) ( hablando de modas)

vuelven a llevarse las faldas cortas — short skirts are back in fashion

ya no se lleva eso de las fiestas de compromiso — people don't have engagement parties any more

* * *

= bear, bring, carry, lead, lug off, steer, engage, escort, lead + Pronombre + down the road to, take along, tote.

Ex. Examples of homographs are: bear (to carry, or an animal) and score (music, football or to cut).

Ex. Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.

Ex. Cable TV systems have now been introduced in the United States that have the technical ability to carry two-way signals.

Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex. The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.

Ex. They decided that they had to set up information and referral services to steer people to the correct agency.

Ex. And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.

Ex. Their work included escorting clients to other agencies.

Ex. The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.

Ex. When you're crunched for time, take along snacks that pack a wallop, nutritionally speaking.

Ex. These bags are the best way to tote around your books, groceries, beach stuff, or even your puppy.

----

* agua + llevar = wash away.

* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].

* comida para llevar = takeaway meal, take-out meal, take-out.

* correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.

* cuando el río suena, agua lleva = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.

* dejarse llevar = become + carried away by, drift along, drift, coast along, go with + the flow, let + go, go along with + the flow.

* dejarse llevar fácilmente = be easily led.

* dejarse llevar (por) = fall + victim to, give + way (to).

* dejarse llevar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.

* dejarse llevar por el pánico = panic.

* dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.

* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* el llevar = carrying.

* el sendero que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* encargado de llevar a cabo = implementor [implementer].

* encargado de llevar el marcador = scorer.

* flor para llevar en el ojal = boutonniere.

* la edad se lleva en el alma = you are as old as you feel.

* la senda que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* llevando sobrepelliz = surpliced.

* llevar a = lead on to, lead up to, result (in), take + Nombre + back to, usher into.

* llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.

* llevar a Alguien a juicio = bring + lawsuit against + Alguien, take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.

* llevar a Alguien al límite = push + Alguien + over the edge, drive + Alguien + over the edge.

* llevar a buen término = bring to + a close.

* llevar a cabo = accomplish, carry out, conduct, execute, go about, implement, proceed, effect, realise [realize, -USA], transact, carry through, press forward (with).

* llevar a cabo actividades = conduct + business.

* llevar a cabo una acción = effect + execution.

* llevar a cabo una actividad = conduct + activity.

* llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.

* llevar a cabo una iniciativa = take + initiative.

* llevar a cabo una misión = accomplish + mission.

* llevar a cabo una orden = execute + command.

* llevar a cabo una redada = swoop.

* llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.

* llevar a cabo un atraco = pull off + heist.

* llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.

* llevar a cabo un robo = execute + theft, pull off + heist.

* llevar a casa = bring + home.

* llevar a conclusiones erróneas = mislead.

* llevar a confusión = lead to + confusion.

* llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.

* llevar adelante = go ahead with, carry on, carry out.

* llevar a engaño = be misleading, be deceiving.

* llevar a + Estado Emocional = send into + Estado Emocional.

* llevar a hablar de una cuestión = bring up + issue.

* llevar a hombros = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.

* llevar a juicio = prosecute, sue, file + suit against, bring + a suit against, litigate, bring + criminal charges against, file + lawsuit against, take + Nombre + to court, bring + Nombre + to justice, put on + trial, try.

* llevar a la bancarrota = bankrupt.

* llevar a la conclusión = lead to + the conclusion.

* llevar a la ficción = fictionalise [fictionalize, -USA].

* llevar a la práctica = practise [practice, -USA], put into + practice, put into + practical effect, carry out, put into + effect.

* llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.

* llevar a la quiebra = bankrupt.

* llevar Algo/Alguien a = usher + Nombre + into.

* llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.

* llevar Algo demasiado lejos = push + Nombre + too far.

* llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.

* llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar al hospital urgentemente = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar al juzgado = take + Nombre + to court.

* llevar al límite = stretch.

* llevar a los tribunales = take + Nombre + to court.

* llevar al poder = bring + Nombre + to power.

* llevar aquí + Expresión Temporal = have been around + Expresión Temporal.

* llevar a remolque = take in + tow.

* llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.

* llevar aún más lejos = take + one stage further, progress + one stage further, carry + one stage further, develop + one stage further, take + a step further, extend + one step further, carry + one step further, take + one step further.

* llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.

* llevar consigo = carry around.

* llevar el compás = beat + time.

* llevar el mando = rule + the roost.

* llevar el peso = undertake + burden.

* llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar el sello distintivo de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar en autobús = bus.

* llevar en camión = truck.

* llevar en volandas = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.

* llevar + Expresión Temporal = take + Expresión Temporal.

* llevar la antorcha = carry + the torch.

* llevar la batuta = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.

* llevar la contraria = antagonise [antagonize, -USA].

* llevar la cuenta = tally.

* llevar la cuenta de = keep + track of.

* llevar la delantera = ahead of the game.

* llevar la impronta de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar la marca de = bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the imprint of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar la marca distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar la montaña a Mahoma = bring + the mountain to Mohammed.

* llevar la responsabilidad de Algo = carry + the burden.

* llevar la voz cantante = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.

* llevarle la corriente a Alguien = play along with.

* llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* llevar + Nombre + aún más lejos = take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther.

* llevar por el aire = waft.

* llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.

* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.

* llevar por mal camino = mislead.

* llevar (puesto) = wear.

* llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.

* llevar razón = be right, be in the right.

* llevar ropa puesta = wear + clothing.

* llevar rumbo de colisión con = be on a collision course with.

* llevarse = take, take away, cream off, haul away, cart, make off with, take + Nombre + away, be in, get away with.

* llevarse a las mil maravillas con + Nombre = get on with + Nombre + swimmingly.

* llevarse a las mis maravillas = get along/on + like a house on fire.

* llevarse bien = get along, on good terms, hit it off.

* llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.

* llevarse el gato al agua = steal + the show, steal + the limelight, the nod + go to.

* llevarse el mérito = take + the credit (for).

* llevarse la fama = take + the credit (for).

* llevarse la palma = sweep + the board, steal + the limelight, steal + the show, take + the biscuit, take + the cake, come out on + top.

* llevárselo el viento = blow away.

* llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.

* llevarse una desilusión = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.

* llevarse un chasco = be gutted, feel + gutted, be disappointed.

* llevarse un palo = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* llevar sobre la espalda = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.

* llevar sobre los hombros = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.

* llevar tiempo = take + time, take + a while, take + long, absorb + time.

* llevar tiempo y esfuerzo = take + time and effort.

* llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.

* llevar una cruz = suffer from + curse.

* llevar una eternidad = take + ages (and ages).

* llevar una vida + Ajetivo = lead + an + Adjetivo + existence.

* llevar una vida arriesgada = live + dangerously, live + dangerously close to the edge.

* llevar una vida de perros = lead + a dog's life.

* llevar una vida miserable = live + wretched existence.

* llevar un diario de trabajo = keep + diary.

* llevar un minuto = take + minute.

* llevar un negocio = conduct + a business.

* no llevar a ninguna parte = achieve + nothing.

* no llevar a ningún fin = beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.

* no llevar a ningún fin, ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.

* no llevar a ningún sitio = go + nowhere.

* pasar llevando = take through.

* que se lleva gestando hace tiempo = long-simmering.

* viajar llevando un mochila = backpacking.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

Sentido I

1)

a) ( de un lugar a otro) to take

le llevé unas flores — I took her some flowers

te lo llevaré cuando vaya — I'll bring it when I come

¿qué llevas en el bolso? — what have you got in your bag?

comida para llevar — take out (AmE) o (BrE) takeaway meals

b) ( transportar) to carry

el camión llevaba una carga de abono — the truck was carrying a load of fertilizer

deja que te ayude a llevar las bolsas — let me help you carry your bags

c) < persona> to take

llevar a los niños al colegio — to take the children to school

nos llevó a cenar — he took us out to dinner

me llevó hasta la estación — she gave me a lift to the station

lo llevaba en brazos — she was carrying him in her arms

d) ( tener consigo) to have

no llevo dinero encima — I don't have any money on me

2)

a) (guiar, conducir) to take

nos llevaron por un sendero — they led o took us along a path

la llevaba de la mano — I/he was holding her hand

esto no nos llevará a ninguna parte — this won't get us anywhere

lo llevaron ante el juez — he was brought before the judge

b) (impulsar, inducir) to lead

esto me lleva a pensar que... — this leads me to believe that...

¿qué la llevó a hacerlo? — what made her do it?

3) <ropa/perfume/reloj> to wear

4) ( tener) to have

lleva barba — he has a beard

llevaba el pelo corto — she had short hair

el colegio lleva su nombre — the school bears his name

una canción que lleva por título `Rencor' — a song entitled `Rencor'

Sentido II

5) ( tener a su cargo) <negocio/tienda> to run; < caso> to handle

lleva la contabilidad — she does the accounts

trabaja y lleva la casa — she works and does the housework

6)

a) ( conducir) < vehículo> to drive; < moto> to ride

b) < pareja> ( al bailar)

no sé bailar - no importa, yo te llevo — I can't dance - it doesn't matter, I'll lead

7) < vida> to lead

llevar una vida tranquila/muy ajetreada — to lead a quiet/very hectic life; (+ compl)

lo llevan en secreto — they're keeping it secret

¿cómo lleva lo del divorcio? - lo lleva muy mal — how is she coping with the divorce? - she's taking it very badly

llevaste muy bien la entrevista — you handled the interview very well

8) (seguir, mantener)

llevar el ritmo or el compás — to keep time

¿llevas la cuenta de lo que te debo? — are you keeping track of what I owe you?

¿qué dirección llevaban? — which direction were they going in?

Sentido III

9)

a) ( requerir) to take

lleva tiempo hacerlo bien — it takes time to do it well; (+ me/te/le etc)

le llevó horas aprendérselo — it took her hours to learn it

b) (tener como ingrediente, componente)

¿qué lleva esta sopa? — what's in this soup?

esta masa lleva mantequilla — this pastry is made with butter

el tren sólo lleva dos vagones — the train has only two cars (AmE) o (BrE) carriages

10) (aventajar, exceder en) (+ me/te/le etc)

me lleva un año — he's a year older than me

nos llevan un día de ventaja — they have a one-day lead over us

11) (Esp) ( cobrar) to charge
2.
llevar v aux

lleva una hora esperando — she's been waiting for an hour

lleva tres días sin comer — he hasn't eaten for three days

el tren lleva una hora de retraso — the train's an hour late

llevo revisada la mitad — I've already checked half of it

llevo dos años en la empresa — I've been with the company for two years

llevar las de ganar/de perder — to be likely to win/lose
3.
llevar vi

a) camino/carretera to go, lead

b) ( al bailar) to lead
4.
llevarse v pron

1)

a) ( a otro lugar) to take

la policía se llevó al sospechoso — the police took the suspect away

¿quién se llevó mi paraguas? — who took my umbrella?

llévate a los chicos de aquí — get the children out of here

el agua se llevó cuanto encontró a su paso — the water swept away everything in its path

b) <premio/dinero> to win

c) (quedarse con, comprar) to take

me llevó éste — I'll take this one

¿cuántos se quiere llevar? — how many would you like?

d) (Mat) to carry

9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una — 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one

e) (Arg) < asignatura> to carry over

2) ( dirigir)

se llevó la mano al bolsillo — he put his hand to his pocket

3) <susto/regañina> to get

se llevó su merecido — he got what he deserved

me llevé una gran decepción — I was terribly disappointed

se llevó un buen recuerdo — he left here with pleasant memories

4)

llevarse bien con alguien — to get along with somebody

se llevan a matar — they really hate each other

se llevan como perro y gato — they fight like cat and dog

5) ( hablando de modas)

vuelven a llevarse las faldas cortas — short skirts are back in fashion

ya no se lleva eso de las fiestas de compromiso — people don't have engagement parties any more

* * *

llevar (puesto)

(v.) = wear

Ex: The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut.

= bear, bring, carry, lead, lug off, steer, engage, escort, lead + Pronombre + down the road to, take along, tote.

Ex: Examples of homographs are: bear (to carry, or an animal) and score (music, football or to cut).

Ex: Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.

Ex: Cable TV systems have now been introduced in the United States that have the technical ability to carry two-way signals.

Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex: The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.

Ex: They decided that they had to set up information and referral services to steer people to the correct agency.

Ex: And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.

Ex: Their work included escorting clients to other agencies.

Ex: The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.

Ex: When you're crunched for time, take along snacks that pack a wallop, nutritionally speaking.

Ex: These bags are the best way to tote around your books, groceries, beach stuff, or even your puppy.

* agua + llevar = wash away.

* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].

* comida para llevar = takeaway meal, take-out meal, take-out.

* correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.

* cuando el río suena, agua lleva = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.

* dejarse llevar = become + carried away by, drift along, drift, coast along, go with + the flow, let + go, go along with + the flow.

* dejarse llevar fácilmente = be easily led.

* dejarse llevar (por) = fall + victim to, give + way (to).

* dejarse llevar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.

* dejarse llevar por el pánico = panic.

* dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.

* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* el llevar = carrying.

* el sendero que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* encargado de llevar a cabo = implementor [implementer].

* encargado de llevar el marcador = scorer.

* flor para llevar en el ojal = boutonniere.

* la edad se lleva en el alma = you are as old as you feel.

* la senda que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* llevando sobrepelliz = surpliced.

* llevar a = lead on to, lead up to, result (in), take + Nombre + back to, usher into.

* llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.

* llevar a Alguien a juicio = bring + lawsuit against + Alguien, take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.

* llevar a Alguien al límite = push + Alguien + over the edge, drive + Alguien + over the edge.

* llevar a buen término = bring to + a close.

* llevar a cabo = accomplish, carry out, conduct, execute, go about, implement, proceed, effect, realise [realize, -USA], transact, carry through, press forward (with).

* llevar a cabo actividades = conduct + business.

* llevar a cabo una acción = effect + execution.

* llevar a cabo una actividad = conduct + activity.

* llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.

* llevar a cabo una iniciativa = take + initiative.

* llevar a cabo una misión = accomplish + mission.

* llevar a cabo una orden = execute + command.

* llevar a cabo una redada = swoop.

* llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.

* llevar a cabo un atraco = pull off + heist.

* llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.

* llevar a cabo un robo = execute + theft, pull off + heist.

* llevar a casa = bring + home.

* llevar a conclusiones erróneas = mislead.

* llevar a confusión = lead to + confusion.

* llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.

* llevar adelante = go ahead with, carry on, carry out.

* llevar a engaño = be misleading, be deceiving.

* llevar a + Estado Emocional = send into + Estado Emocional.

* llevar a hablar de una cuestión = bring up + issue.

* llevar a hombros = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.

* llevar a juicio = prosecute, sue, file + suit against, bring + a suit against, litigate, bring + criminal charges against, file + lawsuit against, take + Nombre + to court, bring + Nombre + to justice, put on + trial, try.

* llevar a la bancarrota = bankrupt.

* llevar a la conclusión = lead to + the conclusion.

* llevar a la ficción = fictionalise [fictionalize, -USA].

* llevar a la práctica = practise [practice, -USA], put into + practice, put into + practical effect, carry out, put into + effect.

* llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.

* llevar a la quiebra = bankrupt.

* llevar Algo/Alguien a = usher + Nombre + into.

* llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.

* llevar Algo demasiado lejos = push + Nombre + too far.

* llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.

* llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar al hospital urgentemente = rush + Nombre + to hospital.

* llevar al juzgado = take + Nombre + to court.

* llevar al límite = stretch.

* llevar a los tribunales = take + Nombre + to court.

* llevar al poder = bring + Nombre + to power.

* llevar aquí + Expresión Temporal = have been around + Expresión Temporal.

* llevar a remolque = take in + tow.

* llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.

* llevar aún más lejos = take + one stage further, progress + one stage further, carry + one stage further, develop + one stage further, take + a step further, extend + one step further, carry + one step further, take + one step further.

* llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.

* llevar consigo = carry around.

* llevar el compás = beat + time.

* llevar el mando = rule + the roost.

* llevar el peso = undertake + burden.

* llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar el sello distintivo de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar en autobús = bus.

* llevar en camión = truck.

* llevar en volandas = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.

* llevar + Expresión Temporal = take + Expresión Temporal.

* llevar la antorcha = carry + the torch.

* llevar la batuta = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.

* llevar la contraria = antagonise [antagonize, -USA].

* llevar la cuenta = tally.

* llevar la cuenta de = keep + track of.

* llevar la delantera = ahead of the game.

* llevar la impronta de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar la marca de = bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the imprint of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar la marca distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.

* llevar la montaña a Mahoma = bring + the mountain to Mohammed.

* llevar la responsabilidad de Algo = carry + the burden.

* llevar la voz cantante = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.

* llevarle la corriente a Alguien = play along with.

* llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* llevar + Nombre + aún más lejos = take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther.

* llevar por el aire = waft.

* llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.

* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.

* llevar por mal camino = mislead.

* llevar (puesto) = wear.

* llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.

* llevar razón = be right, be in the right.

* llevar ropa puesta = wear + clothing.

* llevar rumbo de colisión con = be on a collision course with.

* llevarse = take, take away, cream off, haul away, cart, make off with, take + Nombre + away, be in, get away with.

* llevarse a las mil maravillas con + Nombre = get on with + Nombre + swimmingly.

* llevarse a las mis maravillas = get along/on + like a house on fire.

* llevarse bien = get along, on good terms, hit it off.

* llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.

* llevarse el gato al agua = steal + the show, steal + the limelight, the nod + go to.

* llevarse el mérito = take + the credit (for).

* llevarse la fama = take + the credit (for).

* llevarse la palma = sweep + the board, steal + the limelight, steal + the show, take + the biscuit, take + the cake, come out on + top.

* llevárselo el viento = blow away.

* llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.

* llevarse una desilusión = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.

* llevarse un chasco = be gutted, feel + gutted, be disappointed.

* llevarse un palo = be gutted, feel + gutted.

* llevar sobre la espalda = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.

* llevar sobre los hombros = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.

* llevar tiempo = take + time, take + a while, take + long, absorb + time.

* llevar tiempo y esfuerzo = take + time and effort.

* llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.

* llevar una cruz = suffer from + curse.

* llevar una eternidad = take + ages (and ages).

* llevar una vida + Ajetivo = lead + an + Adjetivo + existence.

* llevar una vida arriesgada = live + dangerously, live + dangerously close to the edge.

* llevar una vida de perros = lead + a dog's life.

* llevar una vida miserable = live + wretched existence.

* llevar un diario de trabajo = keep + diary.

* llevar un minuto = take + minute.

* llevar un negocio = conduct + a business.

* no llevar a ninguna parte = achieve + nothing.

* no llevar a ningún fin = beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.

* no llevar a ningún fin, ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.

* no llevar a ningún sitio = go + nowhere.

* pasar llevando = take through.

* que se lleva gestando hace tiempo = long-simmering.

* viajar llevando un mochila = backpacking.

* * *

llevar [A1 ]

vt

Sentido I

A

1 (de un lugar a otro) to take

tengo que llevar los zapatos a arreglar I must take my shoes to be mended

le llevé unas flores I took her some flowers

te lo llevaré cuando vaya el sábado I'll bring it when I come on Saturday

este programa pretende llevar un mensaje de paz y amor a sus hogares this program aims to bring a message of peace and love into your homes

el camión llevaba una carga de abono the truck was carrying a load of fertilizer

deja que te ayude a llevar las bolsas let me help you carry your bags

¿qué llevas en el bolso que pesa tanto? what have you got in your bag that weighs so much?

dos hamburguesas para llevar two hamburgers to go ( AmE), two hamburgers to take away ( BrE)

[ S ] comida para llevar take out meals ( AmE), takeaway meals ( BrE)

2 ‹persona› to take

iba para ese lado y me llevó hasta la estación she was going that way so she gave me a lift to o took me to o dropped me at the station

voy a llevar a los niños al colegio I'm going to take the children to school

nos llevó a cenar fuera he took us out to dinner

la llevaba de la mano I was holding her hand, I had her by the hand

3

(tener consigo): los atracadores llevaban metralletas the robbers carried submachine guns

no llevo dinero encima or conmigo I don't have any money on me

4 (CS) (comprar) to take

¿la señora ha decidido? — sí, llevo éste have you decided, madam? — yes, I'll take o I'll have this one

¿cuántos va a llevar? how many would you like?

B

1

(guiar, conducir): nos llevaron por un sendero hacia la cueva they led o took us along a path toward(s) the cave

este camino te lleva al río this path leads o takes you to the river

esta discusión no nos llevará a ninguna parte arguing like this won't get us anywhere

2 (impulsar, inducir) to lead

su afición por el juego lo llevó a cometer el desfalco his passion for gambling led him to embezzle the money

esto me lleva a pensar que miente this leads me to believe that she is lying

¿qué puede llevar a una madre a hacer una cosa así? what could induce a mother to do such a thing?

C

1 ‹vestido/sombrero› to wear

puede llevarse suelto o con cinturón it can be worn loose or with a belt

llevaba uniforme he was wearing his uniform, he was in uniform

no llevo reloj I'm not wearing a watch, I haven't got a watch on

2

(hablando de modas): vuelven a llevarse las faldas cortas short skirts are back in fashion

ya no se lleva eso de las fiestas de compromiso people don't have engagement parties any more

D

(tener): llevas la corbata torcida your tie's crooked

hace años que lleva barba he's had a beard for years

llevaba el pelo corto she wore o had her hair short, she had short hair

cada entrada lleva un número each ticket bears a number o has a number on it

el colegio lleva el nombre de su fundador the school carries o bears the name of its founder

una canción que lleva por título `Rencor' a song entitled `Rencor'

Sentido II

A

(tener a su cargo): lleva la contabilidad de la empresa she does the company's accounts

su padre lleva la tienda/el bar his father runs the shop/the bar

el abogado que lleva el caso the lawyer o ( AmE) attorney who is handling the case

mi compañero lleva lo de los créditos my colleague deals with loans

trabaja a tiempo completo y además lleva la casa she works full time and does all the housework as well

B

1 (conducir) ‹vehículo› to drive; ‹moto› to ride

¿quién llevaba el coche? who was driving the car?

2 ‹pareja›

(al bailar): no sé bailar — no importa, yo te llevo I can't dance — it doesn't matter, I'll lead

C

1 ‹vida› to lead

(+ compl): lleva una vida normal/muy ajetreada he leads o has a normal life/very hectic life

llevan su relación en secreto they're keeping their relationship secret

¿cómo llevas lo del divorcio? how are you coping with the divorce?

está en segundo año y lo lleva muy bien he's in the second year and he's doing very well

¿qué tal lo llevas? ( fam); how are things? ( colloq)

lleva muy mal lo de que te vayas al extranjero she's taking this business of you going abroad very badly

llevaste muy bien la entrevista you handled the interview very well

2 ( Ven) ‹golpe/susto› to get

llevamos un susto grande cuando … we got a terrible fright when …

va a llevar un disgusto grande cuando se entere he's going to be very upset when he finds out

D

(seguir, mantener): llevar el ritmo or el compás to keep time

baila mal, no sabe llevar el compás he's a bad dancer, he can't keep in time to the music

¿estás llevando la cuenta de lo que te debo? are you keeping track of what I owe you?

¿qué rumbo llevan? what course are they on?

¿qué dirección llevaban? which direction were they going in o were they headed in?

Sentido III

A

1 (requerir, insumir) to take

lleva mucho tiempo hacerlo bien it takes a long time to do it well

(+ me/te/le etc): le llevó horas aprendérselo de memoria it took her hours to learn it by heart

me va a llevar horas it's going to take me hours

2

(tener como ingrediente, componente): ¿qué lleva esta sopa? what's in this soup?

esta masa lleva mantequilla en lugar de aceite this pastry is made with butter instead of oil

lleva unas gotas de jugo de limón it has a few drops of lemon juice in it

este modelo lleva tres metros de tela you need three meters of material for this dress

la blusa lleva un cuello de encaje the blouse has a lace collar

el tren lleva dos vagones de primera the train has o ( frml) conveys two first-class carriages

B (aventajar, exceder en) (+ me/te/le etc):

me lleva dos años he's two years older than me

mi hijo te lleva unos centímetros my son is a few centimeters taller than you, my son is taller than you by a few centimeters

nos llevan tres días de ventaja they have a three-day lead over us

C ( Esp) (cobrar) to charge

no me llevó nada por arreglármelo he didn't charge me (anything) for fixing it

■

v aux

lleva media hora esperando she's been waiting for half an hour

¿llevas mucho rato aquí? have you been here long?

lleva tres días sin probar bocado he hasn't eaten a thing for three days

el tren lleva una hora de retraso the train's an hour late

¿te desperté? — no, llevo horas levantada did I wake you? — no, I've been up for hours

lleva cinco años en la empresa she's been with the company for five years

hasta ahora llevan ganados todos los partidos they've won every game so far

ya llevaba hecha la mitad de la manga I'd already done half the sleeve

llevar las de ganar/perder to be bound to win/lose

con el apoyo del jefe, llevas todas las de ganar if the boss is behind you, you're bound to succeed

■ llevar

vi

1 «camino/carretera» to go, lead

lleva directamente al pueblo it goes o leads straight to the village

¿adónde lleva este camino? where does this road go o lead?

2 (al bailar) to lead

■ llevarse

v pron

A

1 (a otro lugar) to take

la policía se llevó al sospechoso the police took the suspect away

¿quién se ha llevado mi paraguas? who's taken my umbrella?

nos lo llevamos a la playa we took him off to the beach

no te lleves el diccionario, lo necesito don't take the dictionary (away), I need it

llévate a los chicos de aquí get the children out of here

los ladrones se llevaron las joyas the thieves went off with o took the jewels

el agua se llevó cuanto encontró a su paso the water swept away everything in its path

2 ‹dinero/premio› to win

la película que se llevó todos los premios the movie that carried off o won o took all the prizes

3 (quedarse con, comprar) to take

no sé cuál llevarme I don't know which one to have o take

¿cuántos se quiere llevar? how many would you like?

4 ( Mat) to carry

9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one

5 ( Arg) ‹asignatura› to carry over

B

(dirigir): no te lleves el cuchillo a la boca don't put your knife in your mouth

se llevó la mano al bolsillo he put his hand to his pocket

C ‹susto/regañina› to get

¡qué susto me llevé! what a fright I got!

me llevé una gran decepción I was terribly disappointed, it was a terrible disappointment

se llevó su merecido he got what he deserved

quiero que se lleve un buen recuerdo I want him to leave here with pleasant memories

D

llevarse bien con algn to get along with sb, to get on (well) with sb ( BrE)

nos llevamos mal we don't get along o on

se llevan a matar they really hate each other

se llevan como perro y gato they fight like cat and dog

* * *

llevar ( conjugate llevar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ( de un lugar a otro) to take;

◊ le llevé unas flores I took her some flowers;

te lo llevaré cuando vaya I'll bring it when I come;
¿qué llevas en la bolsa? what have you got in your bag?;
comida para llevar take out (AmE) o (BrE) takeaway meals
b) ( transportar) ‹ carga› to carry;

◊ la ayudé a llevar las bolsas I helped her carry her bags

c) ‹ persona› to take;

◊ nos llevó a cenar he took us out to dinner;

me llevó (en su coche) hasta la estación she gave me a lift to the station;
lo llevaba en brazos/de la mano she was carrying him in her arms/holding her hand
d) ( tener consigo) ‹llaves/dinero/documentación› to have

2
a) (guiar, conducir) to take;

◊ la llevaba de la mano I/he was holding her hand;

esto no nos llevará a ninguna parte this won't get us anywhere
b) (impulsar, inducir) to lead;

◊ esto me lleva a pensar que … this leads me to believe that …

3
a) ‹ropa/perfume/reloj› to wear

b) ( tener) ‹barba/bigote› to have;

◊ llevaba el pelo corto she had short hair

1 ( tener a su cargo) ‹negocio/tienda› to run;
‹ caso› to handle;
‹ contabilidad› to do
2 (esp Esp) ( conducir) ‹ vehículo› to drive;
‹ moto› to ride
3 ‹ vida› to lead;
◊ llevar una vida tranquila to lead a quiet;

¿cómo llevas el informe? how are you getting on with the report?
4 (seguir, mantener): llevar el ritmo or el compás to keep time;
◊ ¿llevas la cuenta de lo que te debo? are you keeping track of what I owe you?;

¿qué dirección llevaban? which direction were they going in?
1
a) ( requerir) ‹ tiempo› to take;

◊ le llevó horas aprendérselo it took her hours to learn it

b) ( aventajar) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ me lleva un año he's a year older than me;

nos llevan un día de ventaja they have a one-day lead over us
2 (Esp) ( cobrar) to charge
llevar v aux:
◊ llevo una hora esperando I've been waiting for an hour;

lleva tres días sin comer he hasn't eaten for three days;
el tren lleva una hora de retraso the train's an hour late;
llevo revisada la mitad I've already checked half of it
verbo intransitivo [camino/carretera] to go, lead
llevarse verbo pronominal
1
a) ( a otro lugar) to take;

◊ la policía se llevó al sospechoso the police took the suspect away;

¿quién se llevó mi paraguas? who took my umbrella?;
el agua se llevó las casas the water swept away the houses
b) ‹premio/dinero› to win

c) (quedarse con, comprar) to take;

◊ me llevo este I'll take this one

d) (Mat) to carry;

◊ 9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one

e) (Arg) ‹ asignatura› to carry over

2 ‹susto/regañina› to get;
◊ me llevé una decepción I was disappointed;

se llevó un buen recuerdo he left here with pleasant memories
3
◊ llevarse bien con algn to get along with sb

4 ( hablando de modas) to be in fashion;
◊ vuelven a llevarse las faldas cortas short skirts are back in fashion

llevar verbo transitivo
1 to take: llévame a casa, take me home
(en dirección al oyente) te lo llevaré al trabajo, I'll bring it to your work
2 (vestir) to wear: lleva el pelo suelto, she wears her hair down
3 (transportar) to carry: no llevo dinero encima, I don't carry any money on me
4 (tolerar, sufrir) lleva muy mal la separación, she is taking the separation very badly
5 (una diferencia de edad) le lleva dos años a su hermana, he is two years older than his sister
6 (cobrar) me llevó dos mil pesetas por el arreglo, she charged me two thousand pesetas for the repairs
7 (necesitar) eso no lleva mucho trabajo, that doesn't need much work
8 (tiempo) llevo dos horas esperando, I've been waiting for two hours
esto llevará un buen rato, this will take a long time
9 (un negocio, empresa) to be in charge of
(a una persona) to handle: te lleva por donde quiere, she does what she likes with you
♦ Locuciones: llevar adelante, to carry sthg through
llevar las de ganar/perder, to be on a winning/losing streak
La traducción más común es to take: ¿Adónde llevas eso?, Where are you taking that? Llévalo a la cocina. Take it to the kitchen. Sin embargo, tratándose de llevar algo hacia el oyente o el hablante, debes emplear el verbo to bring: Te lo llevaré mañana. I'll bring it to you tomorrow. Te llevaré un regalo. I'll bring you a present.
' llevar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acercar
- agitada
- agitado
- aire
- altar
- andar
- aparejada
- aparejado
- bajar
- batuta
- caballo
- cabo
- calzar
- calle
- cantante
- cargar
- cartera
- ciega
- ciego
- conducir
- costar
- dejarse
- delantera
- efectuar
- ejecutar
- escrita
- escrito
- garaje
- inducir
- juicio
- magistratura
- mal
- maquillarse
- operar
- pantalla
- pantalón
- perder
- preferir
- realizar
- sed
- sofoco
- subir
- traer
- transportar
- usar
- vestir
- voz
- anca
- andas
- arrastrar
English:
absorb
- accomplish
- account
- achieve
- ahead
- amulet
- astray
- authenticity
- band
- bankrupt
- bear
- blow
- boil
- bring
- carry
- carry about
- carry around
- carry away
- carry off
- carry on
- carry out
- coal
- conduct
- drag off
- drive
- effect
- fly
- follow through
- footpath
- forceful
- forever
- go through with
- hand-luggage
- handle
- haul up
- have
- have on
- have up
- hold
- hump
- implement
- inclination
- justice
- keep
- lead
- lead out
- lead to
- lead up to
- live
- lug

* * *

llevar

♦ vt

1. [de un lugar a otro] to take;

le llevé unos bombones al hospital I took her some chocolates at the hospital, I brought some chocolates for her to the hospital with me;

llevaré a los niños al zoo I'll take the children to the zoo;

nosotros llevamos la mercancía del almacén a las tiendas we bring o transport the goods from the warehouse to the shops;

me llevó en coche he drove me there;

¿vas al colegio? ¡sube, que te llevo! are you going to school? get in, I'll give you a Br lift o US ride;

¿para tomar aquí o para llevar? is it to eat in or Br to take away o US to go?;

pizzas para llevar [en letrero] Br takeaway pizzas, US pizzas to go

2. [acarrear] to carry;

llevaba un saco a sus espaldas she was carrying a sack on her back;

llevaban en hombros al entrenador they were carrying the coach on their shoulders;

¿llevas rueda de recambio? have you got a spare wheel?;

llevar adelante algo [planes, proyecto] to go ahead with sth;

llevar consigo [implicar] to lead to, to bring about;

está prohibido llevar armas carrying arms is prohibited

3. [encima] [ropa, objeto personal] to wear;

llevo gafas I wear glasses;

¿llevas reloj? [en este momento] have you got a watch on?, are you wearing a watch?;
[habitualmente] do you wear a watch?;
llevaba una falda azul she was wearing a blue skirt;

no lleva nada puesto she hasn't got anything o any clothes on;

no llevo dinero I haven't got any money on me;

nunca llevo mucho dinero encima I never carry a lot of money on me o around;

todavía lleva pañales he's still in Br nappies o US diapers

4. [tener] to have;

llevar bigote to have a moustache;

lleva el pelo largo he has long hair;

me gusta llevar el pelo recogido I like to wear my hair up;

llevas las manos sucias your hands are dirty;

los productos ecológicos llevan una etiqueta verde environmentally friendly products carry a green label

5. [como ingrediente]
esta tortilla lleva cebolla this omelette has got onion in it;

¿qué lleva el daiquiri? what do you make a daiquiri with?

6. [guiar, acompañar] to take;

los llevé por otro camino I took them another way;

lo llevaron a la comisaría he was taken to the police station;

un guía nos llevó hasta la cima a guide led us to the top;
Méx
lléveme con el gerente I want to see the manager

7. [dirigir] to be in charge of;
[casa, negocio] to look after, to run;
lleva la contabilidad she keeps the books

8. [manejar, ocuparse de] [problema, persona] to handle;
[asunto, caso, expediente] to deal with; [automóvil] to drive; [bicicleta, moto] to ride;
este asunto lo lleva el departamento de contabilidad this matter is being handled by the accounts department;

ella llevó las negociaciones personalmente she handled the negotiations herself;

el inspector que lleva el caso the inspector in charge of the case;

lleva muy bien sus estudios he's doing very well in his studies;

sabe cómo llevar a la gente she's good with people

9. [mantener] to keep;

el hotel lleva un registro de todos sus clientes the hotel keeps a record of all its guests;

llevo la cuenta de todos tus fallos I've been keeping count of all your mistakes;

llevar el paso to keep in step;

llevar el ritmo o [m5] compás to keep time;

llevan una vida muy tranquila they lead a very quiet life

10. [soportar] to deal o cope with;

llevar algo bien/mal to deal o cope with sth well/badly;

¿qué tal llevas o [m5] cómo llevas el régimen? how are you getting on with the diet?;

llevo bien lo de ir en tren todos los días, pero lo de madrugar… I can quite happily cope with catching the train every day, but as for getting up early…;
Fam
¿cómo lo llevas con el nuevo jefe? how are you getting on with your new boss?

11. [ir por]
la dirección que lleva el vehículo the direction in which the vehicle is heading;

lleva camino de ser famoso/rico he's on the road to fame/riches;

Comp

llevar las de ganar/perder: el equipo local lleva las de ganar/perder the local team are favourites to win/lose;

en un juicio, llevamos las de ganar if the matter goes to court, we can expect to win;

no te enfrentes con él, que llevas las de perder don't mess with him, you can't hope to win

12. [conducir]
llevar a alguien a algo to lead sb to sth;

aquella inversión le llevaría a la ruina that investment was to bring about his ruin;

¿adónde nos lleva la ingeniería genética? where is all this genetic engineering going to end?;

llevar a alguien a hacer algo to lead o cause sb to do sth;

esto me lleva a creer que miente this makes me think she's lying;

¿qué pudo llevarle a cometer semejante crimen? what could have led o caused him to commit such a crime?

13. [sobrepasar en]
te llevo seis puntos I'm six points ahead of you;

me lleva dos centímetros/dos años he's two centimetres taller/two years older than me

14. [amputar]
la motosierra casi le lleva una pierna the power saw nearly took o cut his leg off

15. [costar] [tiempo, esfuerzo] to take;

aprender a conducir o Am [m5] manejar lleva tiempo it takes time to learn to drive;

me llevó un día hacer este guiso it took me a day to make this dish

16. [pasarse] [tiempo]
lleva tres semanas sin venir she hasn't come for three weeks now, it's three weeks since she was last here;

llevaba siglos sin ir al cine I hadn't been to the cinema for ages, it was ages since I'd been to the cinema;

¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí? how long have you been here?;

llevo todo el día llamándote I've been trying to get through to you on the phone all day;

llevar mucho tiempo haciendo algo to have been doing sth for a long time

17. Esp [cobrar] to charge;

¿qué te llevaron por la revisión del coche? how much o what did they charge you for servicing the car?

18. CSur [comprar] to take;

llevaré la roja I'll take o have the red one;

¿lo envuelvo o lo lleva puesto? shall I wrap it up for you or do you want to keep it on?

♦ vi
[conducir]
llevar a to lead to;

esta carretera lleva al norte this road leads north

♦ v aux
(antes de participio)
llevo leída media novela I'm halfway through the novel;

llevo dicho esto mismo docenas de veces I've said the same thing time and again;

llevaba anotados todos los gastos she had noted down all the expenses

♦ See also the pronominal verb llevarse

* * *

llevar

I v/t

1 take;

llevar a alguien en coche drive s.o., take s.o. in the car;

llevar dinero encima carry money

2 ropa, gafas wear

3 ritmo keep up

4

:

llevar las de perder be likely to lose;

me lleva dos años he’s two years older than me;

llevo ocho días aquí I’ve been here a week;

llevo una hora esperando I’ve been waiting for an hour;

¿te llevó dos horas hacer eso? it took you two hours to do that?

II v/i lead (a to)

* * *

llevar vt

1) : to take away, to carry

me gusta, me lo llevo: I like it, I'll take it

2) : to wear

3) : to take, to lead

llevamos a Pedro al cine: we took Pedro to the movies

4)

llevar a cabo : to carry out

5)

llevar adelante : to carry on, to keep going

llevar vi

: to lead

un problema lleva al otro: one problem leads to another

llevar v aux

: to have

llevo mucho tiempo buscándolo: I've been looking for it for a long time

lleva leído medio libro: he's halfway through the book

♦ See also the reflexive verb llevarse

* * *

llevar vb

1. (en general) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]

lleva a sus hijos a la escuela she takes her children to school

le llevó muchos años aprender a tocar el arpa it took him many years to learn to play the harp

2. (cargar) to carry [pt. & pp. carried]

¿quieres que te lleve la compra? shall I carry your shopping?

3. (vestir) to wear [pt. wore; pp. worn]

lleva una chaqueta gris he's wearing a grey jacket

4. (tener) to have

¿qué llevas en la mano? what have you got in your hand?

el pastel lleva crema the cake has got cream in it

5. (conducir) to drive [pt. drove; pp. driven]

llevas el coche muy bien you drive very well

6. (tiempo) to have been

llevo media hora esperándote I've been waiting for you for half an hour

llevarle a alguien... años to be... years older than somebody

su hermano le lleva dos años his brother is two years older than him

para llevar to take away

Spanish-English dictionary > llevar
10 अङ्गम् _aṅgam

अङ्गम् [अम् गत्यादौ बा˚ -गन्; according to Nir. अङ्ग, अङ्ग- नात् अञ्चनात् वा]

1 The body.

-2 A limb or member of the body; शेषाङ्गनिर्माणविधौ विधातुः Ku.1.33; क्लेशस्याङ्गमदत्वा Pt.5. 32 without undergoing troubles; इति स्वप्नोपमान्मत्वा कामान्मा गास्तदङ्गताम् । Ki.11.34 do not be influenced or swayed by them (do not be subject to them)

-3 (a.) A division or department (of anything), a part or portion, as of a whole; as सप्ताङ्गम् राज्यम्, चतुरङ्गम् बलम्, चतुःषष्ट्ष्ट्यङ्गम् ज्योतिः- शास्त्रम् see the words; गीताङ्गानाम् Pt.5.56; यज्ञश्चेत्प्रतिरुद्धःस्या- देकेनाङ्गेन यज्वनः Ms.11.11. (Hence) (b.) A supple- mentary or auxiliary portion, supplement; षडङ्ग or साङ्ग वेदः A peculiar use of the word अङ्ग in masculine gender may here be noted वेदांश्चैव तु वेदाङ्गान् वेदान्तानि तथा स्मृतीः । अधीत्य ब्राह्मणः पूर्वं शक्तितो$न्यांश्च संपठेत् Bṛhadyogiyājñaval- kya Smṛiti 12.34. (c.) A constituent part, essential requisite or component; सर्वैर्बलाङ्गैः R.7.59; तदङ्गमग्ऱ्यं मघवन् महाक्रतो R.3.46. (d.) An attributive or secondary part; secondary, auxiliary or dependent member (serving to help the principal one) (opp. प्रधान or अङ्गिन्); अङ्गी रौद्र- रसस्तत्र सर्वे$ङ्गानि रसाः पुनः S. D.517; अत्र स्वभावोक्तिरुत्प्रेक्षाङ्गम् Malli. on Ki 8.26. (e.) An auxiliary means or expe- dient (प्रधानोपयोगी उपायः or उपकरणम्); सर्वकार्यशरीरेषु मुक्त्वा- ङ्गस्कन्धपञ्चकम् । मन्त्रो योध इवाधीर सर्वाङ्गैः संवृतैरपि ॥ Śi.2.28-29; See अङ्गाङ्गि, पञ्चाङ्ग also ( the angas of the several sciences or departments of knowledge will be given under those words).

-4 (Gram.) A name for the base of a word; यस्मात्प्रत्ययविधिस्तदादिप्रत्यये अङ्गम् P.I.4.13; यः प्रत्ययो यस्मात्क्रियते तदादिशब्दस्वरूपं तस्मिन्प्रत्यये परे अङ्गसंज्ञं स्यात् Sk. The अङ्ग terminations are those of the nominative, and accusative singular and dual.

-5 (Drama) (a.) One of the sub-divisions of the five joints or sandhis in dramas; the मुख has 12, प्रतिमुख 13, गर्भ 12, विमर्ष 13 and उपसंहार 14, the total number of the angas being thus 64; for details see the words. (b.) The whole body of subordinate characters.

-6 (astr.) A name for the position of stars (लग्न), See अङ्गाधीश.

-7 A symbolical expression for the number six (derived from the six Vedāngas).

-8 The mind; हिरण्यगर्भाङ्गभुवं मुनिं हरिः Śi.1.1, See अङ्गज also.

-9 N. of the chief sacred texts of the jainas.

-ङ्गः (pl.) N. of a country and the people inhabiting it, the country about the modern Bhāgalpur in Bengal. [It lay on the south of Kauśikī Kachchha and on the right bank of the Ganges. Its capital was Champā, sometimes called Aṅgapurī Lomapādapurī, Karṇapurī or Mālinī. According to Daṇḍin (अङ्गेषु गङ्गातटे बहिश्चम्पायाः) and Hiouen Thsang it stood on the Ganges about 24 miles west of a rocky island. General Cunningham has shown that this description applies to the hill opposite Pātharghāṭā, that it is 24 miles east of Bhāgalpur, and that there are villages called Champanagar and Champapura adjoininng the last. According to Sanskrit poets the country of the Aṅgas lay to the east of Girivraja, the capital of Magadha and to the north- east or south-east of Mithilā. The country was in ancient times ruled by Karṇa] cf. अङ्गं गात्रा- न्तिकोपाय प्रतीकेष्वप्रधानके । देशभेदे तु पुंसि स्यात्...॥ Nm. -a.

1 Contiguous.

-2 Having members or divisions.

-Comp. -अङ्गि, [

अङ्गीभावः -अङगस्य अङ्गिनो भावः] the relation of a limb to the body, of the subordinate to the principal, or of that which is helped or fed to the helper or feeder (गौणमुख्यभावः, उपकार्येपकारकभावश्च); e. g. प्रयाज and other rites are to दर्श as its angas, while दर्श is to them the aṅgi; अङ्गाङ्गिभावमज्ञात्वा कथं सामर्थ्यनिर्णयः । पश्य टिट्टिभमात्रेण समुद्रो व्याकुलीकृतः ॥ H.2.138; अत्र वाक्ये समास- गतयोरुपमयोः साध्यसाधनभावात् ˚वेन सम्बन्धः Malli. on Ki.6.2; अविश्रान्तिजुषामात्मन्यङ्गाङ्गित्वं तु संकरः K.P.1. (अनुग्राह्यानुग्राह- कत्वम्).

-अधिपः, -अधीशः 1 lord of the Aṅgas, N. of Karṇa (cf. ˚राजः, ˚पतिः, ˚ईश्वरः, ˚अधीश्वरः).

-2 'lord of a लग्न', the planet presiding over it; (अङ्गाधिपे बलिनि सर्वविभूतिसम्पत्; अङ्गाधीशः स्वगेहे बुधगुरुकविभिः संयुतो वीक्षितो वा Jyotiṣa).

-अपूर्वम् effect of a secondary sacrificial act.

-कर्मन् n.

-क्रिया 1 besmearing the body with fragrant cosmetics, rubbing it &c. Dk.39.

-2 a supplementary sacrificial act.

-क्रमः the order of the performance with reference to the अङ्गs. The rule in this connection is that the अङ्गक्रम must conform to the मुख्यक्रम. cf. MS. 5.1.14.

-ग्रहः spasm; seizure of the body with some illness.

-ज-जात a. [अङ्गात् जायते जन्-ड]

1 produced from or on the body, being in or on the body, bodily; ˚जं रजः, ˚जाः अलङ्काराः &c.

-2 produced by a supple- mentary rite.

-3 beautiful, ornamental. (

-जः)

-जनुस् also

1 a son.

-2 hair of the body (n. also); तवोत्तरीयं करिचर्म साङ्गजम् Ki.18.32.

-3 love, cupid (अङ्गं मनः तस्मा- ज्जातः); intoxicating passion; अङ्गजरागदीपनात् Dk.161.

-4 drunkenness, intoxication.

-5 a disease. (

-जा) a daugh- ter. (

-जम्) blood, अङ्गजं रुधिरे$नङ्गे केशे पुत्रे मदे पुमान् । नागरे नखरे$पि स्यात्... । Nm.

-ज्वरः [अङ्गमङ्गम् अधिकृत्य ज्वरः] the disease called राजयक्ष्मा, a sort of consumption.

-दूष- णम् 1 the defects of the limbs; the penalties of a defec- tive construction; Māna.

-2 name of the 79th chapter.

-द्वीपः one of the six minor Dvīpas.

-न्यासः [अङ्गेषु मन्त्र- भेदस्य न्यासः] touching the limbs of the body with the hand accompanied by appropriate Mantras.

-पालिः f. [अङ्गं पाल्यते सम्बध्यते$त्र, अङ्ग-पाल्-इ] an embrace (probably a corruption of अङ्कपालि).

-पालिका = अङ्कपालि q. v.

-प्रत्यङ्गम् [समा. द्वन्द्व] every limb, large and small; ˚गानि पाणिना स्पृष्ट्वा K.167,72.

-प्रायश्चित्तम् [अङ्गस्य शुद्ध्यर्थं प्राय- श्चित्तम्] expiation of bodily impurity, such as that caused by the death of a relative, consisting in making pre- sents (पञ्चसूनाजन्यदुरितक्षयार्थं कार्यं दानरूपं प्रायश्चित्तम् Tv.).

-भूः a. [अङ्गात् मनसो वा भवति; भू-क्विप्] born from the body or mind.

(-भूः) 1 a son.

-2 Cupid.

-3 [अङ्गानाम् अङ्गमन्त्राणां भूः स्थानम्] one who has touched and purified, and then restrained, his limbs by repeating the Man- tras pertaining to those limbs; ब्रह्माङ्गभूर्ब्रह्मणि योजितात्मा Ku.3.15 (सद्योजातादिमन्त्राणाम् अङ्गानां हृदयादिमन्त्राणां भूः स्थानं, कृतमन्त्रन्यासः Malli.).

-भङ्गः 1 palsy or paralysis of limbs; ˚विकल इव भूत्वा स्थास्यामि Ś.2.

-2 twisting or stretching out of the limbs (as is done by a man just after he rises from sleep); साङ्गभङ्गमुत्थाय Vb.; जृम्भितैः साङ्गभङ्गैः Mu.3.21, K.85.

-3 The middle part of the anus and testicles.

-मन्त्रः N. of a Mantra.

-मर्दः [अङ्ग मर्दयति; मृद्-णिच्]

1 one who shampoos his master's body.

-2 [भावे घञ्] act of shampooing; so ˚मर्दका or ˚मर्दिन्, मृद्- णिच् ण्वुल् or णिनि) one who shampoos.

-मर्षः [ष. त.] rheumatism; ˚प्रशमनम् the curing of this disease. ˚मेजयत्वम् subtle throbbing of the body; Pātañjala 1.31.

-यज्ञः, -यागः [अङ्गीभूतः यज्ञः] a subordinate sacrificial act which is of 5 sorts; समिधो यजति, तनूनपातं यजति, इडो यजति, बर्हिर्यजति, स्वाहाकारं यजति इति पञ्चविधाः । एतेषां सकृदनुष्ठा- नेनैव तन्त्रन्यायेन प्रधानयागानामाग्नेयादीनामुपकारितेति मीमांसा Tv.

-रक्तः, -क्तम् [अङ्गे अवयवे रक्तः] N. of a plant गुडारोचनी found in काम्पिल्य country and having red powder (रक्ताङ्गलोचनी).

-रक्षकः [अङ्गं रक्षति; रक्ष्-ण्वुल्] a body- guard, personal attendant Pt.3.

-रक्षणी [अङ्ग रक्ष्यते अनया] a coat of mail, or a garment. (

-णम्) protection of person.

-रागः [अङ्गं रज्यते अनेन करणे घञ्]

1 a scented cosmetic, application of perfumed unguents to the body, fragrant unguent; पुष्पगन्धेन अङ्गरागेण R.12.27, 6.6, स्तनाङ्गरागात् Ku.5.11.

-2 [भावे ल्युट्] act of anointing the body with unguents.

-रुहम् [अङ्गे रोहति; रुह्-क स. त. P.III.9.135.] hair; मम वर्णो मणिनिभो मृदून्य- ङ्गरुहाणि च Rām.6.48.12. विहङ्गराजाङ्गरुहैरिवायतैः Śi.1.7.

-लिपिः f. written character of the Aṅgas.

-लेपः [अङ्गं लिप्यते अनेन; लिप्-करणे घञ्]

1 a scented cosmetic.

-2 [भावे घञ्] act of anointing.

-लोड्यः (लोड ण्यत्) a kind of grass, ginger or its root, Amomum Zingiber.

-वस्त्रोत्था f. A louse.

-विकल a. [तृ. त.]

1 maimed, paralysed.

-2 fainting, swooning.

-विकृतिः f.

1 change 2of bodily appearance; collapse.

-2 [अङ्गस्य विकृतिश्चालनादिर्यस्मात् प. ब.] an apoplectic fit, swooning, apoplexy (अपस्मार).

-विकारः a bodily defect.

-विक्षेपः 1 movement of the limbs; gesticulation.

-2 a kind of dance.

-विद्या [अङ्गरूपा व्याकरणादिशास्त्ररूपा विद्या ज्ञानसाधनम्]

1 the science of grammar &c. contributing to knowledge.

-2 the science of foretelling good or evil by the movements of limbs. Kau. A.1.12; N. of chapter 51 of Bṛhat Saṁhitā which gives full details of this science; न नक्षत्राङ्गविद्यया...भिक्षां लिप्सेत कर्हिचित् Ms.6.5.

-विधिः [अङ्गस्य प्रधानोपकारिणः विधिः विधानम् [a subordinate or subsidiary act sub- servient to a knowledge of the principal one (प्रधान- विधिविधेयकर्मणो$ङ्गबोधकतया अङ्गविधिः).

-वीरः chief or princi- pal hero.

-वैकृतम् [अङ्गेन अङ्गचेष्टया वैकृतं हृदयभावो ज्ञाप्यते यत्र बहु.]

1 a sign, gesture or expression of the face leading to a knowledge of internal thoughts (आकार)

-2 a nod, wink.

-3 changed bodily appearance.

-वैगुण्यम् a defect or flaw in the performance of some subordinate or subsidiary act which may be expiated by thinking of Viṣṇu); श्राद्धादिपद्धतौ कर्मान्ते यत्किञ्चिदङ्गवैगुण्यं जातं तद्दोषप्रशमनाय विष्णुस्मरणमहं करिष्ये इत्यभिलापवाक्यम् Tv.).

-संस्कारः, -संस्क्रिया [अङ्गं संस्क्रियते अनेन; कृ-करणे or भावे- घञ्)

1 embellishment of person, personal decoration, doing whatever secures a fine personal appearance, such as bathing, rubbing the body, perfuming it with cosmetic &c.

-2 [कर्त्रर्थे अण्] one who decorates or embellishes the person.

-संहतिः f. compactness, symmetry; body; स्थेयसीं दधतमङ्गसंहतिम् Ki.13.5; or strength of the body.

-संहिता The phonetic relation between consonants and vowels in the body of a word Ts. Prāt.

-सङ्गः bodily contact, union; coition.

-सुप्तिः f. Benumbing of the body.

-सेवकः a personal attend- ant, body-guard.

-स्कन्धः [कर्मधा.] a subdivision of a science.

-स्पर्शः fitness or qualification for bodily con- tact or being touched by others.

-हानिः f. 1. a defect or flaw in the performance of a secondary or subsidi- ary act (= ˚वैगुण्यम्); दैवाद् भ्रमात् प्रमादाच्चेदङ्गहानिः प्रजायते । स्मरणादेव तद्विष्णोः संपूर्णं स्यादिति श्रुतिः ॥

-हारः [अङ्गं ह्रियते इतस्ततः चाल्यते यत्र, हृ-आधारे or भावे घञ्] gesticulation, movements of the limbs, a dance; अङ्गहारैस्तथैवान्या कोमलै- र्नृत्यशालिनी Rām.5.1.36. संसक्तैरगुरुवनेषु साङ्गहारम् Ki.7.37. Ku.7.91.

-हारिः [अङ्गं ह्रियते$त्र; हृ-बा˚णि]

1 gesticula- tion.

-2 stage; dancing hall.

-हीन a. [तृ. त.]

1 muti- lated, deprived of some defective limb (अङ्गं हीनं यथो- चितप्रमाणात् अल्पं यस्य) according to Suśruta a man is so born, if the mother's दोहद has not been duly fulfilled (सा प्राप्तदौर्हृदा पुत्रं जनयेत गुणान्वितम् । अलब्धदौर्हृदा गर्भे लभेता- त्मनि वा भयम् ॥ येषु येष्विन्द्रियार्थेषु दौर्हृदे वै विमानना । जायते तत्सुतस्यार्तिस्तस्मिंस्तस्मिंस्तथेन्द्रिये ॥).

Sanskrit-English dictionary > अङ्गम् _aṅgam
11 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
12 Empire, Portuguese overseas

(1415-1975)

   Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.

   There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).

   With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.

   The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.

   Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:

   • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)

   Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.

   Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).

   • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.

   • West Africa

   • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.

   • Middle East

   Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.

   Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.

   Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.

   Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.

   • India

   • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.

   • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.

   • East Indies

   • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.

   After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.

   Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.

   Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.

   The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.

   Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.

   In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    See also Luso-Tropicalism; Rose-colored map; Ultimatum, English.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
13 malheur

malheur [malœʀ]

masculine noun

a. ( = événement pénible) misfortune ; ( = événement très grave) calamity ; ( = épreuve) ordeal ; ( = accident) accident

• un malheur est si vite arrivé accidents happen so easily

• en cas de malheur if anything happens

• cela a été le grand malheur de sa vie it was the great tragedy of his life

• par malheur unfortunately

• le malheur c'est que... the trouble is that...

• faire le malheur de ses parents to bring grief to one's parents

• faire un malheur ( = avoir un gros succès) to be a big hit

• s'il continue, je fais un malheur ! (inf) if he carries on like that, I'll do something I might regret

• quel malheur qu'il ne soit pas venu ! what a shame he didn't come!

• il a eu le malheur de dire que cela ne lui plaisait pas he made the big mistake of saying he didn't like it

• ne parle pas de malheur ! God forbid!

► de malheur (inf) ( = maudit) wretched

• cette pluie de malheur a tout gâché this wretched rain has spoilt everything

b. le malheur ( = l'adversité) adversity ; ( = la malchance) misfortune

• dans son malheur amid all his misfortune

• ils ont eu le malheur de perdre leur mère they had the misfortune to lose their mother

• le malheur a voulu qu'un policier le voie as ill luck would have it a policeman saw him (PROV) le malheur des uns fait le bonheur des autres(PROV) it's an ill wind that blows nobody any good

* * *
malœʀ
nom masculin

1) ( adversité) adversity, misfortune

tomber dans le malheur — to be struck by misfortune

faire le malheur de quelqu'un — to bring somebody nothing but unhappiness; bonheur

2) ( coup du sort) misfortune; ( grave) tragedy; ( accident) accident

une série de malheurs — a series of misfortunes

le grand malheur de ma jeunesse — the great tragedy of my youth

un malheur est si vite arrivé! — accidents can so easily happen!

il leur arrivera malheur! — something terrible will happen to them!

raconter ses malheurs à quelqu'un — to tell somebody one's troubles

le grand malheur! — iron so what!

3) ( malchance) misfortune

ceux qui ont le malheur de faire — those who are unfortunate enough to do

j'ai eu le malheur de le leur dire — I made the mistake of telling them

pour mon malheur — unfortunately for me

par malheur, le malheur a voulu que — as bad ou ill luck would have it

si par malheur la guerre éclatait — if, God forbid, war should break out

porter malheur — to be ou bring bad luck

le malheur, c'est que... — the trouble is,...

••

il va faire un malheur — (colloq) ( avoir du succès) he'll be a sensation; ( faire un éclat) he'll cause a scene

un malheur n'arrive jamais seul — Proverbe it never rains but it pours

à quelque chose malheur est bon — Proverbe every cloud has a silver lining Proverbe

* * *
malœʀ nm
1)

le malheur — adversity, misfortune

2) (= événement) misfortune, tragedy

Elle a eu beaucoup de malheurs dans sa vie. — She's had a lot of tragedy in her life.

avoir le malheur de faire — to have the misfortune to do, to be unfortunate enough to do

Elle a eu le malheur de perdre son père très jeune. — She had the misfortune to lose her father at a very young age.

Il a eu le malheur de la critiquer. ironique — He made the mistake of criticizing her.

par malheur — unfortunately

quel malheur! — what a shame!, what a pity!

3)

faire un malheur * — to be a smash hit

Leur dernier album a fait un malheur. — Their latest album was a smash hit.

* * *

malheur

A nm

1 ( adversité) adversity, misfortune; même dans le malheur even in adversity; tomber dans le malheur to be struck by misfortune; avoir sa part de malheur to have one's share of misfortune; elle fait le malheur de sa famille she brings her family nothing but unhappiness; ⇒ bonheur;

2 ( coup du sort) misfortune; ( grave) tragedy; ( accident) accident; une série de malheurs a series of misfortunes; les malheurs qui l'ont frappé the misfortunes that befell him; le grand malheur de ma jeunesse the great tragedy of my youth; un malheur est si vite arrivé! accidents can so easily happen!; il leur arrivera malheur! something terrible will happen to them!; tous nos petits malheurs all our little troubles; raconter ses malheurs à qn to tell sb one's troubles; le grand malheur! so what!;

3 ( malchance) misfortune; jouer de malheur to be dogged by misfortune; ceux qui ont le malheur de perdre leur emploi those who are unfortunate enough ou have the misfortune to lose their jobs; j'ai eu le malheur de le leur dire I made the mistake of telling them; pour mon malheur unfortunately for me; par malheur il y avait grève ce jour-là, le malheur a voulu qu'il y ait grève ce jour-là as bad luck would have it, there was a strike that day; si par malheur la guerre éclatait if war should break out, which God forbid; porter malheur to be ou bring bad luck; le malheur, c'est que… the trouble is,…; son malheur, c'est qu'elle est paresseuse her trouble is that she's lazy; malheur à qui… woe betide anyone who…; ce temps de malheur○ this wretched weather.

B excl malheur! ne dis jamais ça! for heaven's sake! don't ever say such a thing!; (oh) malheur! il nous a vus! oh my God○, he's seen us!

Idiomes

il va faire un malheur○ ( avoir du succès) he'll be a sensation; ( être violent) he'll do something he'll regret; ( faire un éclat) he'll cause a scene; un malheur n'arrive jamais seul Prov it never rains but it pours; à quelque chose malheur est bon Prov every cloud has a silver lining Prov.

[malɶr] nom masculin

1. [incident] misfortune

un grand malheur a (great) tragedy ou catastrophe

eh bien, tu en as des malheurs! (ironique) oh dear, it's not your day, is it?

si jamais il lui arrive (un) malheur if (ever) anything happens to him

faire un malheur (familier) : ne le laissez pas rentrer ou je fais un malheur don't let him in or I can't answer for the consequences

elle passait en première partie et c'est elle qui a fait un malheur she was the supporting act but it was she who brought the house down

cette chanson a fait un malheur en son temps that song was a huge success in its day

pose cette tasse, un malheur est si vite arrivé! put that cup down before there's an accident!

parle pas de malheur! (familier) God forbid!, Lord save us!

un malheur ne vient ou n'arrive jamais seul (proverbe) it never rains but it pours (proverbe)

2. [malchance]

le malheur misfortune, bad luck

le malheur a voulu que... as bad luck would have it...

avoir le malheur de to be unfortunate enough to, to have the misfortune to

j'ai eu le malheur de perdre mon père jeune I had the ou it was my misfortune to lose my father when I was young

j'ai eu le malheur de lui dire de se taire! I was foolish enough to ask her ou I made the mistake of asking her to be quiet!

une vie marquée par le malheur a life of misfortune ou sorrow

être dans le malheur to suffer misfortunes ou hard times

porter malheur à quelqu'un to bring somebody bad luck

arrête, ça porte malheur! stop, it brings bad luck!

pour son/mon/ton malheur: je l'ai bien connu, pour mon malheur I knew him well, more's the pity

pour son malheur, il était l'aîné de six enfants unfortunately for him, he was the oldest of six

je joue de malheur en ce moment I'm dogged by ou I've got a run of bad luck at the moment

c'est dans le malheur qu'on connaît ses vrais amis (proverbe) a friend in need is a friend indeed (proverbe)

3. [désespoir]

faire le malheur de quelqu'un to cause somebody unhappiness, to bring sorrow to somebody

le malheur des uns fait le bonheur des autres (proverbe) one man's joy is another man's sorrow (proverbe)

4. [inconvénient] trouble, problem

le malheur c'est que j'ai perdu l'adresse unfortunately, ou the trouble is I've lost the address

sans permis de travail, pas de possibilité d'emploi, c'est ça le malheur without a work permit you can't get a job, that's the snag ou the problem

quel malheur que... what a shame ou pity that...

————————

[malɶr] interjection

damn

malheur à woe betide (littéraire & humoristique)

malheur aux vaincus! Brennus (allusion) vae victis!, woe to the vanquished!

————————

de malheur locution adjectivale

(familier & humoristique) accursed, wretched

je ne remonterai plus sur ce vélo de malheur I'll never ride that wretched ou accursed bike again

————————

par malheur locution adverbiale

unfortunately

par malheur, son fils est né avec la même maladie sadly, her son was born with the same disease

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > malheur
14 Ш-99

ШУТИТЬ HE ЛЮБИТ HE ШУТИТ ШУТИТЬ НЕЛЬЗЯ с кем-чем all coll VP subj: human, collect, or a noun denoting a natural phenomenon (1st and 2nd variants) impers predic with бытье, pres only (3rd var.) fixed WO (1st var.)) a person (group, or force of nature) should be taken seriously, paid serious attention to, obeyed etc because he (or it) may cause trouble (if s.o. is careless, disobedient etc)
X шутить не любит - X is not to be taken lightly
X is not something (someone) to mess with there's no fooling around with X (of a person only) X doesn't (won't) stand for any nonsense X dislikes being trifled with
X шутить этим (такими вещами и т. п.) не любит - X doesn't treat such things (things like this etc) lightly.

"А ты вот лучше деньги-то за полгода вперёд отдай». — «У меня нет денег». - «Где хочешь достань брат кумы, Иван Матвеич, шутить не любит» (Гончаров 1). "You'd better let me have the rent for six months in advance." "I haven't any money." "Well, you can get it. My friend's brother (Ivan Matveyevich) won't stand for any nonsense" (1b).

Прачка Палашка, толстая и рябая девка, и кривая коровница Акулька как-то согласились в одно время кинуться матушке в ноги, винясь в преступной слабости и с плачем жалуясь на мусье, обольстившего их неопытность. Матушка шутить этим не любила и пожаловалась батюшке (Пушкин 2). The washerwoman Palashka, a fat and pockmarked wench, and the one-eyed dairymaid Akulka somehow decided to throw themselves at my mother's feet at the same time, confessing to a reprehensible weakness and complaining in tears against the moun-seer, who had seduced their innocence. My mother did not treat such things lightly, and complained to my father (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Ш-99
15 не шутит

• ШУТИТЬ НЕ ЛЮБИТ; НЕ ШУТИТ; ШУТИТЬ НЕЛЬЗЯ с кем-чем all coll

[VP; subj: human, collect, or a noun denoting a natural phenomenon (1st and 2nd variants); impers predic with быть, pres only (3rd var.); fixed WO (1st var.)]

=====

⇒ a person (group, or force of nature) should be taken seriously, paid serious attention to, obeyed etc because he (or it) may cause trouble (if s.o. is careless, disobedient etc):

- X шутить не любит≈ X is not to be taken lightly;

- X is not something < someone> to mess with;

- there's no fooling around with X;

- [of a person only] X doesn't < won't> stand for any nonsense;

- X dislikes being trifled with;

|| X шутить этим <такими вещами и т. п.> не любит≈ X doesn't treat such things <things like this etc> lightly.

♦ "А ты вот лучше деньги-то за полгода вперёд отдай". - "У меня нет денег". - "Где хочешь достань; брат кумы, Иван Матвеич, шутить не любит" (Гончаров 1). "You'd better let me have the rent for six months in advance." "I haven't any money." "Well, you can get it. My friend's brother [Ivan Matveyevich] won't stand for any nonsense" (1b).

♦ Прачка Палашка, толстая и рябая девка, и кривая коровница Акулька как-то согласились в одно время кинуться матушке в ноги, винясь в преступной слабости и с плачем жалуясь на мусье, обольстившего их неопытность. Матушка шутить этим не любила и пожаловалась батюшке (Пушкин 2). The washerwoman Palashka, a fat and pockmarked wench, and the one-eyed dairymaid Akulka somehow decided to throw themselves at my mother's feet at the same time, confessing to a reprehensible weakness and complaining in tears against the mounseer, who had seduced their innocence. My mother did not treat such things lightly, and complained to my father (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не шутит
16 шутить не любит

• ШУТИТЬ НЕ ЛЮБИТ; НЕ ШУТИТ; ШУТИТЬ НЕЛЬЗЯ с кем-чем all coll

[VP; subj: human, collect, or a noun denoting a natural phenomenon (1st and 2nd variants); impers predic with быть, pres only (3rd var.); fixed WO (1st var.)]

=====

⇒ a person (group, or force of nature) should be taken seriously, paid serious attention to, obeyed etc because he (or it) may cause trouble (if s.o. is careless, disobedient etc):

- X шутить не любит≈ X is not to be taken lightly;

- X is not something < someone> to mess with;

- there's no fooling around with X;

- [of a person only] X doesn't < won't> stand for any nonsense;

- X dislikes being trifled with;

|| X шутить этим <такими вещами и т. п.> не любит≈ X doesn't treat such things <things like this etc> lightly.

♦ "А ты вот лучше деньги-то за полгода вперёд отдай". - "У меня нет денег". - "Где хочешь достань; брат кумы, Иван Матвеич, шутить не любит" (Гончаров 1). "You'd better let me have the rent for six months in advance." "I haven't any money." "Well, you can get it. My friend's brother [Ivan Matveyevich] won't stand for any nonsense" (1b).

♦ Прачка Палашка, толстая и рябая девка, и кривая коровница Акулька как-то согласились в одно время кинуться матушке в ноги, винясь в преступной слабости и с плачем жалуясь на мусье, обольстившего их неопытность. Матушка шутить этим не любила и пожаловалась батюшке (Пушкин 2). The washerwoman Palashka, a fat and pockmarked wench, and the one-eyed dairymaid Akulka somehow decided to throw themselves at my mother's feet at the same time, confessing to a reprehensible weakness and complaining in tears against the mounseer, who had seduced their innocence. My mother did not treat such things lightly, and complained to my father (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > шутить не любит
17 шутить нельзя

• ШУТИТЬ НЕ ЛЮБИТ; НЕ ШУТИТ; ШУТИТЬ НЕЛЬЗЯ с кем-чем all coll

[VP; subj: human, collect, or a noun denoting a natural phenomenon (1st and 2nd variants); impers predic with быть, pres only (3rd var.); fixed WO (1st var.)]

=====

⇒ a person (group, or force of nature) should be taken seriously, paid serious attention to, obeyed etc because he (or it) may cause trouble (if s.o. is careless, disobedient etc):

- X шутить не любит≈ X is not to be taken lightly;

- X is not something < someone> to mess with;

- there's no fooling around with X;

- [of a person only] X doesn't < won't> stand for any nonsense;

- X dislikes being trifled with;

|| X шутить этим <такими вещами и т. п.> не любит≈ X doesn't treat such things <things like this etc> lightly.

♦ "А ты вот лучше деньги-то за полгода вперёд отдай". - "У меня нет денег". - "Где хочешь достань; брат кумы, Иван Матвеич, шутить не любит" (Гончаров 1). "You'd better let me have the rent for six months in advance." "I haven't any money." "Well, you can get it. My friend's brother [Ivan Matveyevich] won't stand for any nonsense" (1b).

♦ Прачка Палашка, толстая и рябая девка, и кривая коровница Акулька как-то согласились в одно время кинуться матушке в ноги, винясь в преступной слабости и с плачем жалуясь на мусье, обольстившего их неопытность. Матушка шутить этим не любила и пожаловалась батюшке (Пушкин 2). The washerwoman Palashka, a fat and pockmarked wench, and the one-eyed dairymaid Akulka somehow decided to throw themselves at my mother's feet at the same time, confessing to a reprehensible weakness and complaining in tears against the mounseer, who had seduced their innocence. My mother did not treat such things lightly, and complained to my father (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > шутить нельзя
18 KVIÐR

I)

(-ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m.

1) verdict (of neighbours); bera kvið um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera kvið á e-n, í móti e-m (af e-m), to give a verdict against (for, in favour of) one;

2) inquest, jury; kveðja e-n kviðar, to call (a neighbour) on an inquest; ryðja kviðinn, bjóða til ruðningar um kviðinn, to challenge the jury;

3) saying, word; kviðr norna, the decree of the Fates (kveld lifir maðr ekki eptir kvið norna).

II)

(-ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m.

1) belly, abdomen;

2) womb.

* * *

1.

m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu. [Ulf. qiss = -φημία, -λογία, as in ana-qiss = βλασφημία; þiuþi-qiss and waila-qiss = εὐλογία; missa-qiss = σχίσμα, etc.]:—prop. a saw, saying, speech, word, and hence in law a verdict given by neighbours; for the Engl. ‘verdict’ is indeed a kind of rendering of the Norse term; kviðr Norna, the word of the Norns, weird, fate, death, kveld lifir maðr ekki eptir kvið Norna, Hðm. 31; orðs-kviðr, a saw, proverb; mis-kviðr, ‘saying-amiss,’ false pleading. The old law makes a distinction between vætti ( a witness) and kviðr ( a verdict),—þar er bæði fylgir einni sök vætti ok kviðr, þá skal vætti fara fyrr fram en kviðr, Grág. i. 47: before delivering his opinion each neighbour had to take an oath,—þat er mælt, áðr kviðr sé borinn, at þeir skulu eiða vinna allir áðr at dómi, 53. The old records mention various kinds of neighbours and verdicts:

1. in Norse law,

α. the heimis-kviðr (heims-kviðr, heimilis-k.) or a ‘home-verdict,’ a verdict of neighbours, bearing some resemblance to the oath of compurgators; ten, or in lesser cases four or six, neighbours were to accompany the accused to the court, two of whom had to swear on the book, and the rest followed,—en þat er heims kviðr er tíu menn fylgja til móts, en sverja tveir menn á bók, en átta sanna þat, N. G. L. i. 311, cp. ii. 505; hafa með sér heimiliskviðar-vátta til þings, K. Á. 214; hann hafi heiman heimiliskviðar-vitni, 152; nema heimiliskviðar-vitni fylgi, Gþl. 193: þá skal með þessu heimiliskviðar-vitni sækja, N. G. L. 4. 140 (heimskviðar-vitni, 337); þá skal með þessu heimiliskviðjar-vitni sækja, at einn skal bera en tveir sanna um þriggja aura mál, en um sex aura mál skal einn sanna en fjórir sverja, en þeir skulu vera fylkis-menn, N. G. L. i. 140, 316; en ef eigi kemr saga hins sára fram á fyrsta þingi né heimiliskviðar-vitni, þá …, 160: similar were the ‘sandemænd’ ( soothmen) of the early Danish law; to this the old saw refers, hættr er heimiskviðr, nema sér góðan geti, perilous is the home-verdict, unless one gets a good one, Sdm. 25.

β. in Icel., unless the bjargkviðr (q. v.) be identical to heimis-kviðr, this sort of verdict is seldom mentioned; eigi skal heimis-kvið annan at henda, Grág. i. 361.

2. in Icel. law the tólftar-kviðr ( verdict of twelve), also called goða-kviðr ( priest verdict), Grág. i. 168, viz. a body of twelve men, of whom eleven were to be summoned by the goði of the district, and he, being the twelfth of the number, had to deliver the final verdict. The verdict of twelve was only appointed for certain cases defined in the law, K. Þ. K. 168, v. l.; nú hefir maðr tólptar-kviðar kvatt, ok skal goði nefna þriðjungs-menn sína til kviðar þess með sér, ok er honum rétt hvárz þeir eru bændr eða grið-menn, hann skal ellefu menn nefna aðra en sik, Grág. i. 57, see the whole chapter 17 in Þ. Þ., as also the Grág. passim; ella kveðja til tylptar-kviðar goða þess (þann?) er sóttr er …, en ef sjálfr er sóttr goðinn þeirri sök, þá skal kveðja samþingis-goðann tólptar-kviðar; tólptar-kviðar skal kveðja þann goða er sá er í þingi er sóttr er, Grág. i. 138; er goði er kvaddr tólptar-kviðar um þat er hann á eigi at skilja, þá …, 168, 207; nú koma menn til þings, ok málit í dóm, ok á Glúmr (in his capacity as goði) at bera tólptar-kvið, … Glúmr berr at honum kviðinn ok únýtti málit, Glúm. ch. 18: tólptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, en hvárrgi þeirra Snorra né Arnkels þótti bera mega kviðinn fyrir hleyta sakir við sækjanda ok varnar-aðilja, var þá Helgi Hofgarða-goði kvaddr tylptar-kviðar, … eptir þat bar Helgi at kviðinn, Eb. ch. 16, cp. also the passage in Lv. ch. 4, where a verdict of twelve seems to be meant.

β. but the common popular verdict was the búa-kviðr or neighbour-verdict, given by five, and in some cases by nine, neighbours (see búi), who had to be summoned either at home (kveðja búa heiman) or in certain exceptional instances in the court (á þingi); the instances in the Grág. and the Sagas, esp. the Nj., are almost endless: technical phrase, bera kvið, to give the verdict, Nj. 87, Grág. i. 57, passim; as also, bera af kviðinn, or, bera á kviðinn, to give a verdict for or against, (see bera B. I); ryðja kvið or kviðu, prop. to ‘clear the verdict,’ i. e. to challenge the neighbours, Grág. i. 29; bjóða til ruðningar um kviðinn, Nj. 87, passim.

γ. a special kind, egningar-kviðr, a kind of law quirk, Grág. i. 56: ironical, nú er getið um fyrir Þorkatli at honum þykkja ríkt bornir kviðirnir, Lv. 27. From the analogy of the Icel. customs, it can be inferred with certainty that along with the invasion of the Danes and Norsemen, the judgment by verdict was also transplanted to English ground, for the settlers of England were kith and kin to those of Iceland, carrying with them the same laws and customs; lastly, after the Conquest it became the law of the land. This old Scandinavian institution gradually died out in the mother countries, and came to an end in Icel. A. D. 1271–1281, with the fall of the Commonwealth, and the introduction of a Norse code of laws, whereas it was naturalised in England, which came to be the classical land of trial by jury.

2.

m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu; [Ulf. qiþus = κοιλία, μήτηρ; A. S. cwið; O. H. G. quiti; Swed. qved; Gr. γαστήρ; cp. Lat. venter]:—the womb; Ulfr reist á honum kviðinn, Nj. 275; minta styrkir kvið, Lækn.: of animals, svall allr kviðrinn á hestinum, Bs. i. 345; so water reaches, upp í kvið; éta hálfan kvið, to eat half one’s fill; fara síganda kviði, to go with a sinking belly, i. e. to limp, lag behind; get ek at þeim fari héðan af síganda kviði, Grett. 151 A; hann tók hendi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, Edda 33, Fms. iv. 385.

2. esp. the womb, Lat. uterus; konu er barn hefir kviknat í kviði, K. Þ. K. 134, Grág. ii. 69; þat barn er eigi arfgengt, er kvikt er í kviði áðr móðurinni sé frelsi gefit, i. 178; óx brúðar kviðr frá brjósti niðr, Bjarn. (in a verse), Fms. vi. 350–352, as also the N. T.,—þú munt getnað fá í kviði þínum, Luke i. 31; ok barnið spratt upp í hennar kviði, 41, 44; blessaðr er ávöxtr kviðar þíns, 42; áðr en hann var getinn í móður-kviði, ii. 21; allt karlkyns þat er fyrst opnaði sinnar móður kvið, 23; af móður-kviði fæddir, Matth. xix. 12, Gal. i. 15; sæll er sá kviðr er þig bar og þau brjóst er þú milktir, Luke xi. 27.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KVIÐR
19 ὑπό

ὑπό [pron. full] [ῠ], Prep. with gen., dat., and acc.: [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὐπά Alc.39; [dialect] Boeot. [full] ὑπά

A Ἀρχ.Δελτ. 14
Pl. ii 19 (Thespiae, iii B.C.); [dialect] Ion. ηυπύ only in IG 14.871 (Cumae, v B.C.); Arc. [full] ὁπύ Schwyzer 664.15,21 (Orchom.Arc., iv B.C.); in [dialect] Ep. [full] ὑπαί (also B. 12.139): this is found in Hom. only six times as a well-attested reading (ὑ. πόδα Il.2.824
, ὑ. δέ 3.217
, 11.417, 12.149, ὑ. δείους 10.376
, 15.4); elsewh. (before λ ν ρ ϝ ) it is weakly attested as v. l. for ὑπὸ ([etym.] ?ὑπόX ¯ ), e.g. ποσσὶ δ' ὑπὸ (v.l. ὑπαὶ) λιπαροῖσι Il.2.44
, al.; but ὑπαὶ νεφέων is given by most codd. in Il.15.625, 16.375 (v. Allen ed. maj.), and ὑπαὶ νεφέεσσι Anon.
ap. Plu.2.38e; also in compds., ὑπαιδείδοικα h.Merc. 165
, ὑπαιφοινίσσω (q. v.); it is not freq. in Trag. Poets, A.Ag. 892, 944, 1164 (lyr.), Eu. 417, S.El. 711, 1418 (lyr.), Inach. in PTeb. 692 ii5 (lyr.), E.El. 1188 (lyr.), Ar. Ach. 970 (paratrag.). (With ὑπό ([etym.] ὕπο) cf. Skt. úpa 'towards, near to, etc.', Goth. uf 'under'.)

A WITH GENITIVE,

I of Place, with Verbs of motion, from under, αὖτις ἀναστήσονται ὑ. ζόφου they will rise again from under the gloom, Il.21.56; ὑ. χθονὸς ἧκε φόωσδε Hes.Th. 669
; ῥέει κρήνη ὑ. σπείους Od.9.141
, cf. Pl.Phdr. 230b; ὄσσε δεινὸν ὑ. βλεφάρων ἐξεφάανθεν Il.19.17
; ἐσιδόντες ὑπαὶ χειμῶνος αἴγλαν from under the storm-cloud, B.12.139; esp. of rescuing from under another's power, after the Verbs ἐρύεσθαι, ἁρπάζειν, ῥύεσθαι, ἐρύειν, Il.9.248, 13.198, 17.224, 235;
ἤγαγεν ὑμέτερόνδ' ἀνδροκτασίης ὕ. λυγρῆς
from the consequences of,
23.86
; also ἵππους μὲν λῦσαν ὑ. ζυγοῦ from under the yoke, 8.543, Od.4.39; ὑπ' ἀρνειοῦ λυόμην I loosed myself from under the ram, 9.463; σπλάγχνων ὕπο ματέρος μόλεν, i.e. was born, Pi.N.1.35, cf. O.6.43; rarely in Trag., ὑ. πτερῶν σπάσας E.Andr. 441
; περᾷ γὰρ ἥδ' ὑ. σκηνῆς πόδα Id.Hec.53
; once in Hdt., τὰς δέ οἱ ἵππους ὑ. τοῦ ἅρματος νεμομένας ἀφανισθῆναι 4.8
; αἴ τις ὑ. τῶν νομίων τῶν ἐπιϝοικων ἀνχωρέῃ SIG47.27
(Locris, v B.C.); cf. ὑπέκ.

2 of the object under which a thing is or is placed, under, beneath, with collat. sense of motion, as μοχλὸν ὑ. σποδοῦ ἤλασα πολλῆς thrust it in under the embers, Od. 9.375; ὑ. στέρνοιο τυχήσας Il.4.106
; τοὺς μὲν ὑ. χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης πέμψαν Hes.Th. 717
: also without the sense of motion, ὑπ' ἀνθερεῶνος ὀχεὺς τέτατο Il.3.372
; βάθιστον ὑ. χθονός ἐστι βέρεθρον 8.14
; ἐτέθαπτο ὑ. χθονός Od.11.52
; κεκευθὼς πολεμίας ὑ. χθονός A.Th. 588
; ὑπ' ἀγκῶνος βέλη Pi.O.2.83
; νέρθεν ὑπ' ἐγκεφάλοιο Il.16.347
; τὰ ὑ. γῆς δικαιωτήρια Pl.Phdr. 249a
; δεξιὰν ὑφ' εἵματος κρύπτειν E.Hec. 342
; φέρειν ζώνης ὕπο ib. 762: Thom.Mag.p.375 R. says that ὑ. = under takes gen. in [dialect] Att., acc. in 'Hellenic' Greek; κατακρύψας ὑ. κόπρου, which is v.l. in Od.9.329 for ὑ. κόπρῳ, is called by Eust.1631.36 Ἀττικώτερον, ὁποῖον καὶ τὸ φέρειν τι ὑ. κόλπου ἢ ὑ. μάλης (v. κόλπος, μάλη); but in [dialect] Att. Prose, Hdt., and the Koine ὑ. c. gen. in signfs. 1.1, 2 is almost limited to these and a few other phrases, esp. ὑ. γῆς; it is not found at all in Th., LXX, Ptolemaic papyri, and NT; X. has ὑ. ἁμάξης ( = from under) An.6.4.22,25; the Orators have only ὑ. μάλης, Lys.Fr.54, D.29.12; ὑ. γῆς is found in Pl.Ap. 18b, Mx. 246d, R. 414d, al., Arist.Mete. 352b6, al., Hipparch.2.2.45, Plb.18.18.10 ([etym.] ὑ. τῆς γῆς), 21.28.3,10.

b metaph., ἀρετῶσι δὲ λαοὶ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ under his rule, Od.19.114.

II of Cause or Agency, freq. with pass. Verbs, and with intr. Verbs in pass. sense, μή πως τάχ' ὑπ' αὐτοῦ δουρὶ δαμήῃς Il.3.436
, cf. 4.479; ἡνιόχοιο ἐν κονίῃσι πεσόντος ὑφ' Ἕκτορος 17.428
; εὖτ' ἂν πολλοὶ ὑφ' Ἕκτορος θνῂσκοντες πίπτωσι 1.242; τὸν.. τοκέα ὑ. τοῦ.. παιδὸς ἀποθνῄσκειν Hdt.1.137
; οἵαις ὑπ' αὐτοῦ πημοναῖσι κάμπτομαι A.Pr. 308
, cf. Th.7, al.; πέλεκυς.. ὅς τ' εἶσιν διὰ δουρὸς ὑπ' ἀνέρος Il.3.61
; ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν.. φοβέοντο.. ἀπὸ νηῶν 16.303
; πάσχειν δὲ κακῶς ἐχθρὸν ὑπ' ἐχθρῶν A.Pr. 1042
(anap.); ὑ. τοῦ Μήδου δεινότερα τούτων πάσχοντες Th.1.77
; ἐκπεσόντες ὑ. τοῦ πλήθους Id.4.66
; ἀναστάτων Καμαριναίων γενομένων ὑ. Συρακοσίων Id.6.5
; ὑφ' ὑμῶν αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ ὑ. τῶν πολεμίων τοῦτο παθεῖν Id.4.64
; κλύοντές ἐσμεν αἰσχίστους λόγους.. τοῦδ' ὑπ' ἀνδρὸς ἀρτίως we have been called shameful names by.., S.Aj. 1321; κακῶς ὑ. τῶν πολιτῶν ἀκούειν to be ill spoken of by.., Isoc.4.77, cf. Pl.Hp.Ma. 304e, X.An. 7.7.23; of a subordinate agent, ὑ. κήρυκος προαγορεύειν, ἀπειπεῖν κηρύκων ὕπο, Hdt.9.98, E.Alc. 737, cf. Th.6.32; ἐμῶν ὑπ' ἀγγέλων.. πορεύεται S.Tr. 391
; ὑ. ἀγγέλων πέμπων Pl.Phlb. 66a
: sts. with a verbal Subst., τὸ ὑ. νόμου ἐπίταγμα (i. e. ἐπιταττόμενον) Id.R. 359a; ἐκφορὰ φίλων ὕπο A.Th. 1029
; ἡ ὑπ' ἀρετῆς Ἡρακλέους παίδευσις X. Mem.2.1.34
; ἡ ὑ. πάντων τιμή Id.Cyr.3.3.2
; Ἥρας δεσμοὶ ὑ. ὑέος Pl. R. 378d
; so ἄτρωτον ἦν ὑ. στύγους ( = οὐ τετρωμένον) prob. in A.Ch. 532.

2 also in pregnant phrases, not only of the immediate act of the agent, but also of its further result, ὅθ' ὑ. λιγέων ἀνέμων σπέρχωσιν ἄελλαι hasten driven on by them, Il.13.334; ὑφ' Ἕκτορος.. φεύγοντες fleeing before him, 18.149, χάσσονται ὑπ' ἔγχεος 13.153
, cf. 7.64, 11.119, 424, Od.5.320, 7.263, al.; πράγματα εἶχον ὑ. λῃστῶν X.HG5.1.5
; ἔπαινον, αἰτίαν ἔχειν ὑ. τινῶν, Hdt.9.78, A.Eu.99; οὐκέτι ἀποχωρεῖν οἷόν τ' ἦν ὑ. τῶν ἱππέων Th.7.78
, cf. Ar.V. 1084.

3 freq. of things as well as persons, ὡς διάκειμαι ὑ. τῆς νόσου Th.7.77
; κεῖμαι νούσου ὕ. στυγερᾶς IG42(1).125.8
(Epid., iii B.C.); χαλεπῶς ἔχειν ὑ. τραυμάτων Pl.Tht. 142b
; ὑ. δόρατος πλαγείς IG42(1).122.64
(Epid., iv B.C.); ὑ. ἔχιος φῦμα ib.123.4 (ibid., iv B.C.); ἰάθη ὑ. ὄφιος ib.121.113 (ibid., iv B.C.); κατεσκεύασαν τὰς πύλας κλείεσθαι ὑ. σφύρας τε μεγάλης καὶ κτύπου παμμεγέθους γιγνομένου Aen.Tact.20.4
: of the agency of feelings, passions, etc., ἀνόρουσ' ὑ. χάρματος h.Cer. 371
; ἐνδακρύειν, ἀνολολύξαι χαρᾶς ὕπο, A.Ag. 541, 587; μαίνεται.. ὑφ' ἡδονῆς S.El. 1153
; χλωρὸς ὑπαὶ δείους Il.10.376
; ὑ. δέους ἔρρηξε φωνήν Hdt.1.85
, cf. Th.6.33; οὐ δυνατὸν τὸν δῆμον ἐσόμενον ὑ. τῶν κακῶν καρτερεῖν Id.4.66
; ὑ. κακοῦ ἀγρυπνίῃσι εἴχετο Hdt.3.129
; ὑπ' ἄλγους A.Eu. 183
; ὑπ' ὀργῆς Ar.V. 1083
; ὑ. λύπης S.OT 1073
: hence ὑπό is used even with active Verbs, where a passive word may be supplied, e.g. ὑ. ἀρετῆς καὶ προθυμίης συνεπλήρουν τὰς νέας from courage, i. e. impelled by courage, Hdt.8.1; ὤρυσσον ὑ. μαστίγων Id.7.22
, cf. 56; οὐδὲ σέ γε δόλος ἔσχ' ὑ. χειρὸς ἐμᾶς by my agency, S.Ph. 1118 (lyr.); αἰ μήτις αὐτὸς δοίη, μὴ ὑπ' ἀνάγκας not under compulsion, GDI5128.5 ([place name] Vaxos).

4 ὑπό freq. serves to denote the attendant or accompanying circumstances, νέφος ἐρχόμενον κατὰ πόντον ὑ. Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς Il.4.276
, cf. 16.591, etc.: sts. with part. added, ἀμφὶ δὲ νῆες σμερδαλέον κονάβησαν ἀϋσάντων ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν at their shouting, i.e. when they shouted, 2.334, 16.277; ἴαχε σάλπιγξ ἄστυ περιπλομένων δηΐων ὕ. 18.220
.

5 of accompanying music, to give the time, κώμαζον ὑπ' αὐλοῦ Hes.Sc. 281
, cf. 278; ᾄδων ὑπ' αὐλητῆρος Archil.123
, cf. Thgn.825, Charon Fr.9; πίνειν ὑ. σάλπιγγος Ar.Ach. 1001
: generally, of anything attendant, δαΐδων ὕ. λαμπομενάων ἠγίνεον by torchlight, Il.18.492, cf. E.Hel. 639 (lyr.), Ion 1474 (lyr.); καταθάψομεν.. ὑ. κλαυθμῶν A.Ag. 1554
(anap.); ὑπ' εὐκλείας θανεῖν E.Hipp. 1299
; εἴσειμ' ὑπαὶ πτερύγων κιχλᾶν καὶ κοψίχων Ar.Ach. 970
; ὑπ' εὐφήμου βοῆς θῦσαι offer a sacrifice accompanied by it, S.El. 630; ὑ. φανοῦ πορεύεσθαι by lantern-light, X.Lac.5.7; ὑ. πομπῆς ἐξάγειν τινά in or with solemn procession, Hdt.2.45, cf. Ar.Th. 1030; ὑ. βίης βήξας coughing with violence, violently, Hdt.6.107; ἐτόξευον ὑ. μαστίγων, i.e. they shot and lashed, X.An.3.4.25: v. infr. B. 11.4, C. IV. 1.

6 ὑ. Ἑλλανοδικᾶν, = ἐπί c. gen., SIG171 (Olympia, iv B.C.).

7 Math., ἡ ὑ. ΘΔΗ the angle ΘΔΗ ( = ἡ ὑ. τῶν ΘΔ, ΔΗ περιεχομένη γωνία), Procl. Hyp.2.26; but also τὸ ὑ. τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ the rectangle contained by ΑΓ, ΓΒ, = ΑΓ χ ΓΒ, Euc.2.4.

8 ναῦλον ὄνων γ εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑ. οἴνου laden with wine, Pap. in Hermes 28.163 (ii A.D.), cf. ib.479, and infr. C. IV. 2.

B WITH DATIVE (esp. in Poets, never in LXX (Jb.12.5 is dub. l.) or NT, not common in Arist., Ptolemaic papyri, or Plb.), of Position under, ὑ. ποσσί Il.2.784
, al.; ὑ. πλατανίστῳ ib. 307, cf. 18.558; ὑ. Τμώλῳ at its foot, 2.866, cf. Od.1.186; Βερύσιοι ὑ. τῇ Ἴδῃ IG12.191.11
, cf. 373.118, al.; ὑ. τῇ ἀκροπόλι Hdt.6.105
; τῶν θανόντων ὑπ' Ἰλίῳ under its walls, E.Hec. 764, cf. A.Ag. 860; πέτρῃ ὕ. γλαφυρῇ εὗδον, Βορέω ὑπ' ἰωγῇ Od.14.533
; ὑ. τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἔχειν τὰς πηγάς Arist.Mete. 350b27
; ὑ. πέτρᾳ παῖς IG42(1).122.19
(Epid., iv B.C.); ὑ. τῷ ναῷ ἀστραγαλίζοντος αὐτοῦ ib.121.25 (ibid., iv B.C.); ηυπὺ τῇ κλίνῃ τούτῃ ληνὸς (or Λῆνος) ηύπυ ib.14.871 (Cumae, v B.C.); στρουθοὶ ὑ. τῇ τραπέζῃ Michel 832.33
(Samos, iv B.C.); ὑ. τῇ μασχάλῃ Hp.Art.11
; χέλυν δ' ὑ. μασχάλῃ εἶχεν h.Merc. 242
; ὑ. ταῖς μασχάλαις Arist.PA 688b5
,14; ὁ ὑ. τῇ γῇ ἀήρ under the earth, Id.Cael. 295a28; ἐὰν ὑ. σοὶ κατακλινῇ lies next below you, Pl.Smp. 222e; ὑφ' ἅρμασι under, i.e. yoked to, the chariot, Il.8.402, 18.244; εἶχε μάχαιραν ὑφ' αὑτῷ παρεσκευασμένος Plb.8.20.6
codd., cf. POxy. 1800 Fr.2.36 (Vit.Aesop.); ὑ. τοῖς χιτωνίσκοις περιζώματα φοροῦσιν Plb.12.26a
.4, cf. 13.7.9; τά τε θηρία καὶ τὰς ὑπ' αὐτοῖς σχεδίας under them, on which they stood, Id.3.46.8; τῆς γῆς τῆς ὑ. τῷ κόσμῳ κειμένης Timae.
ap. eund.12.25.7; οἱ ὑ. τῇ ἄρκτῳ, τῇ μεσημβρία, οἰκοῦντες Adam.2.31
, cf. Arist.Pr. 940a37, Phgn. 806b16; ὑ. τῷ μετώπῳ ὀφρύες Id.HA 491b14
; ὑ. τῷ γενείῳ Plb.34.10.9
; τὰ ὑ. τοῖς ὕδασι καὶ ὑμέσι καὶ ὑέλοις Hero
*Deff.135.12; ὑ. τῷ δέρματι Gal. 18(2).102
.

2 with Verbs of motion, where rest or position follows, εἷσαν ὑ. φηγῷ set [him] down under it, Il.5.693; ἔζευξαν ὑφ' ἅρμασιν.. ἵππους Od.3.478
, cf. Il.24.782; ὑ. δ' ἄξοσι.. ἔπιπτον 16.378
, cf. X.Cyr.7.1.37; δέμνι' ὑπ' αἰθούσῃ θέμεναι Il.24.644
.

3 in such phrases as ὑ. χερσί τινος ἁλῶναι, δαμῆναι, 2.374, 860, al.; ἐμῇς ὑ. χερσὶ δάμασσον 3.352
; ὑ. δουρὶ δαμῆναι 5.653
, etc.; ἔκπεσον ἵππων Ἀτρεΐδεω ὑ. χερσί 11.180
; ὤλετο.. ὑ. γαμφηλῇσι λέοντος 16.489
; πέπληγμαι δ' ὑπαὶ δάκει φοινίῳ A.Ag. 1164
(lyr.); ἐν κονίῃσι πέσοιεν ὑπ' ἀνδράσι Il.6.453
; ὑ. τινὶ κτείνεσθαι 16.490
.

4 behind, ὑ. φάλαγγι Ascl.Tact.6.1
; under the cover or protection of, ὑ. τούτῳ τῷ φράγματι τοὺς ὑπορύσσοντας εἶναι Aen.Tact.37.9
; ὑ. ταῖς αὑτῶν ἀσφαλείαις Plb. 1.57.8
, 4.12.10, 16.6.1.

II of the person under whose hand, power, or influence, or the thing by or through which a thing is done, ὑπ' Ἀργείοισι φέβοντο fled before them, Il.11.121; freq. in Hom. with intr. or pass. Verbs, ἐφόβηθεν ὑφ' Ἕκτορι Il.15.637
; ὁρμηθέντες ὑ. πληγῇσιν ἱμάσθλης Od.13.82
; βῆ.. θεῶν ὑ. πομπῇ Il.6.171
; ὦρτο δὲ κῦμα πνοιῇ ὕπο 23.215
; ὑ. λαίλαπι βέβριθε χθών 16.384
; τεκεῖν, τεκέσθαι ὑ. τινί, 2.714, 728, 742; ἀτῆθαι ὑ. τῷ μεμφομένῳ GDI4994.8
([place name] Crete); ὁ χρησμὸς ὁ γεγονὼς ὑ. τοῖ Ἀπόλλωνι Inscr.Magn.38.5
, cf. 12,31,52.

2 expressing subjection or dependence, ὑ. τινί under one's power, δέδμητο δὲ λαὸς ὑπ' αὐτῷ Od.3.305
, cf. Il.9.156; ὑπ' ἀνδράσιν οἶκον ἔχουσιν Od. 7.68
; εἶναι ὑ. τισί to be subordinate, subject to them, Th.1.32; ὑ. Χείρωνι τεθραμμένος under the eye of.., Pl.R. 391c; ἔχειν ὑφ' ἑαυτῷ have under one, at one's command, X.Cyr.2.1.26; τὰ θηρία τὰ ὑ. τοῖς ἀνθρώποις Pl.R. 563c
; ὑ. τινὶ στρατεύσασθαι Plu.Cic.44
: in pregnant sense, ἵνα.. πάντα ὑ. Πέρσῃσι γένηται Hdt.7.11
, cf. Th.7.64; ὑπ' ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι Hdt.7.157
; κινδυνεύσαιμ' ἂν ὑ. τῇ δυσχερεστάτῃ γενέσθαι τύχῃ Lys.24.6
; ὑ. τῷ Μακεδόνι ταττομένων Plb.18.11.4
; τοὺς τραφέντας ὑ. τούτοις Id.6.7.2
.

3 of the subordination of things coming under a class, αἱ ὑ. ταῖς τέχναις ἐργασίαι Pl.Smp. 205c
; τὸ ὑ. ταῖς γεωμετρίαις Id.R. 511b
; ὄργανα.. τὰ ὑ. τῇ μουσικῇ Id.Hp.Ma. 295d
.

4 as in A. 11.5, ὑπ' αὐλητῆρι πρόσθ' ἔκιον advanced to the music of the flute-player, Hes.Sc. 283; ὑπ' αὐλῷ, ὑ. κήρυκι καὶ θεολόγῳ, Luc.DDeor.2.2, Alex.19; ὑ. μάστιξι διορύττειν τὸν Ἄθω Plu.2.470e
: generally, of attendant circumstances, ἐξ ἁλὸς εἶσι.. πνοιῇ ὕπο Ζεφύροιο Od.4.402
; ὑ. ῥάβδοις καὶ πελέκεσι κατιών escorted by the lictors, Plu.Publ.10; ὑ. σκότῳ, νυκτί, A.Ag. 1030 (lyr.), A.R. 1.1022, etc.; λάμπει δ' ὑ. μαρμαρυγαῖς ὁ χρυσός B.3.17
; αἰθομένα δᾲς ὑ. ξανθαἵσι πεύκαις Pi.Fr.79
; ὑ. φωτὶ πολλῷ προσῄει Plu.Galb.14
; ὑ. λαμπάσιν ἡμμέναις Hld.10.41
; ὑ. πολλῷ στρατῷ escorted by a great host, Nic.Dam.10J.; ὑ. δικαιοσύνῃ διαγαγεῖν τὸν βίον Pl.Ep. 335d
.— ὑπό has no sense c. dat. which it has not also c. gen.; but all its senses c. gen. do not belong to the dat.:—later ὑπό c. dat. is found as a mere periphr. of the dat., στέφος.. αὐτὸς ὑφ' ἡμετέραις πλεξάμενος παλάμαις AP5.73
(Rufin.), cf. 85 (Claudian.); λέων ὑπ' ἄκοντι τετυμμένος A.R.2.26
, cf. Man.2.131.

C WITH ACCUSATIVE, of Place; to express motion towards and under an object, ὑ. σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα drove them under, i.e. into, the cave, Il.4.279; ὑ. ζυγὸν ἤγαγεν Od.3.383
; σεῦ ὕστερος εἶμ' ὑ. γαῖαν, i.e. shall die, Il.18.333; νέεσθαι ὑ. ζόφον 23.51
, cf. Od.3.335; κατακρύπτειν τινὰ ὑ. τὴν αὐτὴν θύρην under shelter of it, i.e. behind it, Hdt.1.12; πάϊς ὣς ὑ. μητέρα δύσκεν εἰς Αἴαντα Il.8.271
; ὅκως ἔωσι ὑ. τὸν πεζὸν στρατὸν τὸν σφέτερον Hdt.9.96
; ὑ. τὸν πρῶτον λόχον τῶν ὁπλιτῶν τὸν πρῶτον λόχον τῶν ψιλῶν τετάχθαι Ael.Tact.15.2
; of coming close up under a lofty citadel, ἤλθεθ' ὑ. Τροίην up to T., Od.4.146; ὅτ' ἔμελλεν ὑ. πτόλιν αἰπύ τε τεῖχος ἵξεσθαι Il.11.181
; παυρότερον λαὸν ἀγαγόνθ' ὑ. τεῖχος ἄρειον 4.407
; ὑ. τὰ τείχη φεύγειν Plb.1.74.11
; ὑ. τὰς ἴλας φεύγειν Id.3.65.7
, cf. 3.105.6, 11.21.5, al.; ὑ. ταὐτὸ στέγος εἰσελθεῖν GDI3536
B 3 ([place name] Cnidus); πᾶν ὃ ἐὰν ἔλθῃ.. ὑ. τὴν ῥάβδον LXXLe.27.32
, cf. De.4.11, al.; so ὑ. δικαστήριον ὑπαχθείς, ἀγαγόντες, Hdt.6.72, 104 (cf. ὑπάγειν ὑ. τοὺς ἐφόρους ib.82) prob. refers to the elevated seats of the judges in court, cf. ὑπάγω A ΙΙ.

2 of Position or Extension under an object, without sense of motion, Ἀρκαδίην ὑ. Κυλλήνης ὄρος Il.2.603
, cf. 824, etc.; ἰκριώσασι ὑ. τὴν ὀροφήν IG12.374.76
; ἐργασαμένοις τὸ ἄνθεμον ὑ. τὴν ἀσπίδα ib.371.9; τὰ μὲν ὑ. τὸν λόφον καὶ τὰμ φάραγγα Inscr.Prien.37.162
(ii B.C.); ἀνθέντω ὑ. τὸν ναὸν τᾶς Δάματρος IG5(1).1498.13
(loc. inc., ii B.C.); ὅσσοι ἔασιν ὑπ' ἠῶ τ' ἠέλιόν τε everywhere under the sun, Il.5.267; ὑπ' αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο φοιτῶσι Od.2.181
; τῶν ὑ. τοῦτον τὸν ἥλιον.. ἀνθρώπων D.18.270
; τὰ ὑ. τὴν ἄρκτον Hdt. 5.10
, cf. Arist.Mete. 362a17; οἴκησις ἡ λεγομένη ὑ. τὸν πόλον Gem.5.38
, cf. 16.21, al.; ὑ. τὸν οὐρανόν LXXEx.17.14
, al., UPZ106.14 (i B.C.); τὸ ὑ. τὴν ἀκρόπολιν Th.2.17
; ὁ ὑ. γῆν λεγόμενος εἶναι θεός Hdt.7.114
, cf. Il.19.259; ὑ. γῆν is more freq. than ὑ. γῆς in Arist., Mete. 349b29, al., in Hipparch., 1.3.10, al., and entirely supersedes ὑ. γῆς in Hdt., 2.124, 125, 127, 148, 150, 3.102, 4.195, 7.114, and Gem., 2.19, al.; it is found also in Plb.21.28.11, etc.; ὑ. γῆν the nadir, opp. μεσουράνημα, PLond.1.98r.49, 110.33 (i/ii A.D.); also ἄγχε δέ μιν.. ἱμὰς ἁπαλὴν ὑ. δειρήν Il.3.371
; Τρῶες.. πτῶσσον ὑ. κρημνούς 21.26
; ἀγέροντο.. ἄλσος ὕ. σκιερόν Od.20.278
; τρωφεὶς ὑ. τὸν ὀφθαλμόν IG42(1).122.120
(Epid., iv B.C.); οὐλὴ ὑπ' ὀφθαλμὸν δεξιόν PCair.Zen76.13
(iii B.C.); ὑ. τὸ μέρος τοῦ ἐνοφειλομένου ὑπογραψάτω ὅσον ἰδίᾳ ἔχει PRev.Laws 19.2
(iii B.C.); κείμενος ὑ. τὸν ὀμφαλόν Sor.1.7
, cf. 67, al.; ὑ. τὰς πύλας ἵππων πόδες φαίνονται Th.5.10
; μὴ ὑποτιθέναι κύλικα ὑ. τὴν κλίνην IG12(5).593
A21 (Ceos, v B. C.); ὑ. τὸν ὀδόν ib.42(1).102.249 (Epid., iv B.C.); καταψύξατε ὑ. τὸ δένδρον LXX Ge.18.4
; ὑ. τὸν λέβητα ib.Ec.7.7(6); ὑ. τοὺς πόδας ib.La.3.34; εἰς τοὺς ὑ. πόδα χωρεῖ τόπους Dsc.5.75
(v. πούς 1.6
g); ἡ ὑ. πόδα (sc. γραμμή ) the base of a triangle, Hero *Mens.55; also ὑπ' αὐγὰς.. λεύσσουσαι πέπλους holding them up to the light, E.Hec. 1154; also ὑ. τὸν ὀφθαλμόν close to the eye, Arist. Pr. 874a9; ὑποκειμένης τῆς Εὐβοίας ὑ. τὴν Ἀττικήν Isoc.4.108
; ὑπ' αὐτὴν ἐσχάτην στήλην ἔχων ἔχριμπτ' ἀεὶ σύριγγα S.El. 720
; εἰ θεωρήσειεν ὑπ' αὐγὰς τὸν ἀνθρώπειον βίον Iamb.Protr.8
(cf. αὐγή 1
): of subordinate position. κατακλίνεσθαι ὑ. τινά Luc.Symp.9
; τίς ὑ. τίνα; who is next to whom, Onos.10.2.

b Math., ὁ κύβος ὁ ὑ. τὴν.. σφαῖραν inscribed in the sphere, Papp.440.5; εἶναι ὑ. τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος Euc.11.29
, Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.19; ὑ. τὰν αὐτὰν γωνίαν subtending.., Id.Aren. 1.20 (cj.), cf. 21; αἱ γωνίαι ὑφ' ἃς αἱ ὁμόλογοι πλευραὶ ὑποτείνουσι Euc.6.6
,al.

3 of the logical subordination of things under a class, τῶν ἑτερογενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ' ἄλληλα τεταγμένων Arist.Cat. 1b16
, etc.; οἱ ὑ. τὸ ψεῦδος τεταγμένοι in the category of.., Luc.Ind.20.

II of subjection, control, dependence, never in Hom., once in Hdt., ὑ. βασιλέα δασμοφόρος 7.108
; ὑ. σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι Th.4.60
, cf. Pl.R. 348d, Arist. HA 488a10, etc.; ἕως κα ᾖ ὑ. τὸν πατέρα Test.Epict.3.29
; ὑ. τιν' ἦν τῶν βασιλέων Men.340
; τί δ' οὐ κρατέοντος ὑπ' ἰσχύν; Call.Jov.75
, cf. 74; ὑ. Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον Sammelb. 5616
(i A.D.), POxy.722.6 (i/ii A.D.), etc. (v. ἥλιος 11.1
); ὑ. θεὸν καὶ ἄνθρωπον Michel854.52
(Halic., iii B.C.); τοῦ τοπαρχοῦντος ὑ. σέ PCair.Zen.322.3
(iii B.C.); στρατενσάμενον ὑ. ἄρχοντα Ἀντίοχον IG12(1).43.7
([place name] Rhodes); μηδὲ ὑ. δεσπότην ὤν LXXPr. 6.7
, cf. Ps.143.2; for ὑ. χεῖρα, v. χείρ; οἱ ὑ. τινά X.Cyr.3.3.6,8.8.5, etc.; τοῖς ὑφ' αὑτὸν τεταγμένοις GDI3750.75
([place name] Rhodes).

III of Time, in the course of, during, or to be left untranslated in English, ἐκέλευε Τοωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι νύχθ' ὕ. τήνδ' ὀλοήν Il.22.102
; ὑ. τὴν νύκτα ταύτην Hdt.9.51
, cf. 58; ὑ. τὴν πρώτην ἐπελθοῦσαν νύκτα ἀπέδρη Id 6.2; τῆς κολοκύνθης.. ἣ ἐγενήθη ὑ. νύκτα καὶ ὑ. νύκτα ἀπώλετο LXXJn.4.10
: rarely with stress on the duration, πάνθ' ὑ. μηνιθμόν throughout its continuance, Il.16.202; ὑ. τὸν παρεόντα τόνδε πόλεμον Hdt.9.60
; οὐδὲν τῶν κατ' Αἴγυπτον ὑ. ταῦτα ἑτεροιωθῆναι during that time, Id.2.142; ὑ. τὸν χρόνον ὃν οἱ ἑξήκοντα καὶ τριηκόσιοι ἦρχον οἵδε ἐθεόρεον IG12(8).276.4
([place name] Thasos).

2 also of Time, about, sts. more precisely at, and of events, about or at the time of, ὑπ' αὐτὸν τὸν χρόνον ὅτε .. Ar.Ach. 139, cf. Hdt.7.165; ὑπ' αὐτὸν τὸν καιρόν Plb. 11.27.4
, 16.15.8; ὑφ' ἕνα καιρόν at one time, Diog.Oen.38; ὑ. τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον Th.2.26
; ὑ. τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους Id.1.100
; ὑ. τὸν σεισμόν Id.2.27
, cf. Plb.4.33.5, Plu.Alex.14; ὑ. τὴν ἑωθινήν, ὑ. τὴν ὄρφνην, Plb. 18.19.5,7; ὑ. τὸν ὄρθρον Act.Ap.5.21
, Gp.2.4.3; ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς περιπάτους ὑ. τὸ ψῦχος in the cool of the morning, Plb.5.56.10; ὑφ' ἓν πάντες all at once, at the same time, Arr.Epict.3.22.33, cf. S.E.M. 10.124, Sor.1.103, al.; παιδάριον ὑ. τὴν ἀναπνοὴν ἑπτὰ καὶ πέντε στίχους συνεῖρον in one breath, Plb.10.47.9; ὑφ' ἓν ἐκτρῖψαι at one blow, LXX Wi.12.9; ὑ. μίαν ἄρσιν καὶ θέσιν ἀνατείνοντες καὶ κατατιθέμενοι, of a squad of diggers, Gp.2.45.5; ὑ. μίαν φωνήν Aristeas 178; πῶς γὰρ ἂν ὑ. τὰς αὐτὰς ἡμέρας ἔν τε τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ.. πολεμήσειε; at the same time, D.C.36.35; sts. c. part., ὑ. τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα at the time of its burning, Hdt.1.51; ὑ. τὴν κατάλυσιν τοῦ πολέμου just at the end, X.Mem.2.8.1, cf. Plu.Mar.46; ὑ. τὸν θυμὸν ἐκ χειρὸς ἐπιστρατευσαμένων at the very time of their anger, Plb. 2.19.10; ὑ. παροξυσμόν Gal.19.215
; παραδόντω τοῖς αἱρεθεῖσι εἰς τὸν ὑπ' αὐτὰ (or ὕπαυτα as Adv. = ἑξῆς) ἐνιαυτόν IG9(1).694.60
(Corc., ii/i B.C.); ὑ. κύνα Arist.HA 547a14
, Thphr.CP1.13.3, D.S.19.109; ὑ. τὰς θερινὰς [τροπὰς] καὶ τοῦ κυνὸς τὴν ἐπιτολήν Gp.2.6.17
.

IV of accompaniment, ὑπὸ ὄρχησίν τε καὶ ᾠδήν Pl.Lg. 670a
; ὑ. αὐλὸν διαλέγεσθαι X.Smp.6.3
codd. (ὑ. τοῦ αὐλοῦ Cobet); ὑ. κήρυκα (v. κῆρυξ 1.3
).—Compare A.11.5, B.11.4.

2 ὄνον ἕνα ὑ. λαχανόσπερμον laden with.., Meyer Ostr.81.2 (i A. D.), cf. PFay.p.324 (i A.D.); ὄνοι ὑ. δένδρα BGU 362i6
, al. (iii A.D.); cf. supr. A.11.8.

D POSITION: ὑ. can follow its Subst., becoming by anastrophe ὕπο. It is freq. separated from the Subst. by intervening words, as in Il.2.465, Od.5.320, 7.130:— ὑπαί is placed after its case in A. Eu. 417, S.El. 1418, Inach. l.c., although acc. to Hdn.Gr.1.480 it cannot suffer anastrophe.

E AS ADV., under, below, beneath, freq. in Hom.; esp. of young animals, under the mother, i.e. at the breast, Od.4.636, 21.23.

2 behind, Hdt.7.61: cf. C. 1.

II ὑπ' ἐκ or ὑπέκ, v. ὑπέκ.—In Hom. the separation of the Prep. from its Verb by tmesis is very freq., and sts. it follows, in which case it suffers anastrophe, φυγὼν ὕπο νηλεὲς ἦμαρ Od.9.17
.

F IN COMPOSITION:

I under, as well of rest as of motion, as in ὕπειμι, ὑποβαίνω, etc.

2 of the casing or covering of one thing with another, as ὑπάργυρος, ὑπόχρυσος.

3 of the agency or influence under which a thing is done, to express subjection or subordination, ὑποδαμνάω, ὑποδμώς, ὑφηνίοχος, cf. ἐπί G. 111.

II denoting what is in small degree or gradual, somewhat, a little, as in ὑποκινέω, ὑποδεής, ὑπόλευκος (so in tmesi, ὑ. τι ἀσεβῆ Pl.Phdr. 242d
, cf. Grg. 493c; ὑ. τι μικρὸν ἐπιθήκισα Ar.V. 1290
(lyr.)).

III underhand, secretly, as in ὑποθέω, ὑποθωπεύω, ὑποκορίζομαι, ὑπόρνυμι.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὑπό
20 til

at, for, into, till, to, until, unto

* * *

I. præp

a) (i alm, især om sted) to ( fx go to London; return to England; keep to the right; write a letter to somebody; with my back to the fire; to my delight (, horror, despair, surprise));

[ gå til møde (, selskab, fest)] go to a meeting (, a party);

[ være til et møde (, et selskab, en fest)] be at a meeting (, a party);

(se også ndf: j);

b) ( ved arrive og arrival) at,

( dog foran navne på lande og store byer) in ( fx arrive at one's destination, in England, at Dover, in London);

c) (om bestemmelsessted i forb med start, leave, depart etc) for ( fx

start for Edinburgh; our departure for York);

[ rejsende til Crewe] passengers for Crewe;

[ tog til Hull] train for Hull;

d) ( op imod, støttet til) against ( fx lean against a wall);

e) ( tid: indtil) until,

T till ( fx wait untill (, till) tomorrow);

( mellem to tidspunkter) to ( fx from ten to twelve o'clock; from 1770 to 1850);

[ fra morgen til aften] from morning till night;

[ til og med]

( om dato) up to and including,

(am) through ( fx from Sunday through Thursday),

(om sted i bog etc) up to and including;

f) ( tidspunkt) at ( fx come at the same time; he gave me presents at Christmas and on birthdays);

( om arrangementer) for ( fx the ceremony was arranged for two o'clock; I have invited them for two o'clock; I have an appointment for two o'clock; come home for Christmas);

( førstkommende) next ( fx next Easter, next summer);

g) ( senest, sidste frist) by ( fx we must have them by Friday); h) ( når " til" + styrelse = indirekte objekt) to ( fx give money to the poor; sell it to Peter); for ( fx buy a present for her; make a dress for her);

i) ( bestemmelse) for ( fx here is a letter for you; a basket for potatoes; for use in the kitchen; your task for tomorrow; tickets for "Hamlet"; the boot for the left leg; what is that wheel for? it is good enough for her);

j) ( i forbindelse med måltiders navne) ( for at få) for ( fx he came home for lunch; he stayed for tea; we were six for dinner);

( som man får) to ( fx he came to dinner; he stayed to dinner; invite him (, have him in) to dinner);

( om det man spiser) for ( fx we had chicken for lunch; they serve bacon and eggs for breakfast; what did you have for dinner?);

( sammen med) with ( fx drink wine with one's dinner; take tea with one's meals);

k) ( samhørighed) of ( fx the author of the book; the key of the door; the mother of 5 children); to ( fx the heir to the estate); for (

fx the boot for the left leg);

l) ( pris, værdi, vurdering) at ( fx I bought 50 at 10 p. each (el.

apiece); sell (, buy) something at cost price; value the house at £40,000; estimate (el. put) her age at 40);

m) ( mellem 2 tal i omtrentlig mængdesangivelse) to, or ( fx 25 to 30 persons; 5 or 6 persons);

n) ( forandring) into ( fx forvandle til change into; oversætte til

translate into);

o) ( som) by way of ( fx by way of answer, punishment); for ( fx I

wouldn't like to have him for my father); as ( fx he had Smith as a teacher);

p) (efter adj, der betegner (u)dygtighed) at ( fx good (, clever, bad) at history; he is great at football);

[ til at] at -ing ( fx he is marvellous at interviewing);

q) [ Udtryk]

[ andre tilfælde:]

[ den slyngel til Peter] that rascal of a Peter;

[ til at] to ( fx too good to be true; not to be seen; not fit to

live);

[ for tung til at jeg kan løfte den] too heavy for me to lift (it);

[ her er ikke til at være for fluer] you can't move for flies here;

[ her er ikke til at være for varme] it is unbearably hot here;

( se også de andre ord, hvormed " til" forbindes).

II. adv

( yderligere) more ( fx three more bottles), additional ( fx I bought three additional bottles), another ( fx another drink, another three bottles);

(efter vb = energisk) hard ( fx run (, hit) hard), with a will ( fx

hammer away with a will);

(efter vb = fuldstændigt) up ( fx fryse ` til freeze up);

[ad ( byen) til] towards (the town);

[ én til] another, a second;

[ én gang til] once more;

[ en halv gang til så lang] half as long again;

[ til og med]

( tilmed) even, into the bargain;

(se også de vb hvormed til forbindes, fx blive, komme, være).

III. conj until,

T till ( fx wait till I come).

Danish-English dictionary > til

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